雅思写作第一部分经典句型与词汇

1.the table shows the changes in the number of...over the period from...to... 该表格描述了在...年之...年间...数量的变化。

2.the bar chart illustrates that... 该柱状图展示了...

3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding... 该图为我们提供了有关...有趣数据。

4.the diagram shows (that)... 该图向我们展示了... 5.the pie graph depicts (that).... 该圆形图揭示了...

6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of... 这个曲线图描述了...的趋势。 7.the figures/statistics show (that)... 数据(字)表明...

8.the tree diagram reveals how... 该树型图向我们揭示了如何... 9.the data/statistics show (that)... 该数据(字)可以这样理解...

10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that... 这些数据资料令我们得出结论...

11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table... 如图所示... 12.according to the chart/figures... 根据这些表(数字)... 13.as is shown in the table... 如表格所示...

14.as can be seen from the diagram,great changes have taken place in... 从图中可以看出，...发生了巨大变化。

15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure,we can see clearly that...or it is clear/apparent from the chart that... 从图表我们可以很清楚(明显)看到...

16.this is a graph which illustrates... 这个图表向我们展示了...

17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from...to... 该表格描述了...年到...年间a与b的比例关系。

18.the graph, presented in a pie chart, shows the general trend in... 该图以圆形图形式描述了...总的趋势。

19.this is a column chart showing... 这是个柱型图，描述了...

20.as can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the flutuation of... 如图所示，两条曲线描述了...的波动情况。

21.over the period from...to...the...remained level. 在...至...期间，...基本不变。 22.in the year between...and... 在...年到...期间...

23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998... 1995年至1998三年里... 24.from then on/from this time onwards... 从那时起...

25.the number of...remained steady/stable from (month/year) to (month/year). ...月(年)至...月(年)...的数量基本不变。

26.the number sharply went up to... 数字急剧上升至...

27.the percentage of...stayed the same between...and... ...至...期间...的比率维持不变。 28.the figures peaked at...in(month/year) ...的数目在...月(年)达到顶点，为... 29.the percentage remained steady at... 比率维持在...

30.the percentage of...is sightly larger/smaller than that of... ...的比例比...的比例略高(低)。

31.there is not a great deal of difference between...and... ...与...的区别不大。 32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of... 该图表表明...的数目增长了三倍。 33....decreased year by year while...increased steadily. ...逐年减少，而...逐步上升。

34.the situation reached a peak(a high point at) of[%]. ...的情况(局势)到达顶(高)点，

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为...百分点。 35.the figures/situation bottomed out in... 数字(情况)在...达到底部。

36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough. 数字(情况)达到底部(低谷)。 37.a is ...times as much/many as b. a是b的...倍。 38.a increased by... a增长了... 39.a increased to... a增长到...

40.high/low/great/small/ percentage. 比低高(低)

41.there is an upward trend in the number of... ...数字呈上升趋势。

42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from...to... ...到...发生急剧上升。 43.from...to...the rate of decrease slow down. 从...到...，下降速率减慢。

44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the...,reaching a figure of... 从这年起，...逐渐下降至... 45.be similar to... 与...相似 46.be the same as... 与...相同

47.there are a lot similarities/differences between...and... ...与...之间有许多相似(不同)之处

48.a has something in common with b a于b有共同之处。

49.the difference between a and b lies in... a与b之间的差别在于... 50...(year)witnessed/saw a sharp rise in... ...年...急剧上升

一、图形种类及概述法：

泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table 饼图：pie chart

直方图或柱形图：bar chart / histogram 趋势曲线图：line chart / curve diagram 表格图：table

流程图或过程图：flow chart / sequence diagram 程序图：processing/procedures diagram

以下是一些较常用的描述用法

The table/chart diagram/graph shows (that) According to the table/chart diagram/graph As (is) shown in the table/chart diagram/graph

As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures, figures/statistics shows (that)...

It can be seen from the figures/statistics We can see from the figures/statistics It is clear from the figures/statistics It is apparent from the figures/statistics table/chart/diagram/graph figures (that) ...

table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how ......

阅卷考官经常是不会看那些图表的，因此文章必须逻辑清晰，如果描述得能令人在脑海里勾画出那个

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data chart，这篇task1无疑会达到8分的水平。开篇的第一句话可以是一句高度概括性的introduction（当然开门见山直接描述也是一种写法）；这样做不仅使文章更趋于完美，而且可以达到凑字数的目的（但不要照抄题目，除非时间相当紧迫）。接下来另起一段开始进行描述（根据实际情况1-2段），这当中经常要连续使用非限定性定于从句，从而使得描述过程流畅、清晰。最后也可再另起一段进行简短的综述（并非必须）。上述的任何一个步骤都要遵循依据现有data进行客观描述的原则，任何推测性或议论性的内容写得再多、再精彩不仅不会加分，而且还会成为扣分的因素。

二、data的具体表达法

data在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time 在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time 持续变化的data在不同情况下:

增加：increase / raise / rise / go up ... 减少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall ... 波动：fluctuate / rebound / undulate / wave ... 稳定：remain stable / stabilize / level off ...

最常用的两种表达法：

动词 + 副词形式（Verb+Adverb form）

形容词 + 名词形式（Adjective+Noun form）

1. Verb+Adverb form The number of XXX

+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate...

+insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly...

+from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

2. Adjective+Noun form There was a (very) sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight

+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation （注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation）

+in the number of XXX from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

描述稳定的data：

The number of XXX remained steady/stable from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

The number of XXX stayed the same from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

There was little change / hardly any change / no change in the number of XXX from from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

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描述不同状态的data Noun form:

steady drop / sharp rise peak / dramatic fall / sharp drop Verbal form:

(to) bottom out / (to) reach the bottom / (to) increase gradually / (to) reach a plateau / (to) remain steady

描述the highest point以及the lowest point 高点极值：

The monthly profit / The figures / The situation ...

+peaked in (月份/年) <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX% / XXX(极点data) 或者reached a peak / a high point at XXX% / XXX(极点data) 低点极值：

XXX bottomed out / reached

+rock / the bottom / a low point 或者hit a trough

此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下： 并列： as well as(句首/中), also, as well(句尾), either, neither, too, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, besides, what's more, apart from ...

举例： for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, in particular, particularly, especially

事实： as a matter of fact, in fact, actually, as long as, so long as ... 雷同/近似：similarly, likewise(句首/尾), at the same time, equally ...

转折： however, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless, though, although, even though, while, yet, on the contrary, contrarily, in contrast, conversely, on the other hand, unlikely, in stead (of), in spite of, despite of ...

原因与结果

1. cause-suggestion (几乎不常用) since / now that ...; I hope that...

because of/on account of/owing to/thanks to + (doing) sth, I hope that... 2. cause-effect (较常用)

XXX lead to / bring about / result in/ account for ...

(一个句子), therefore / thus / hence / as a result / consequently / (and) so ... 3. effect-cause (较常用)

XXX be caused by / result from / be the result of / be the effect of / be the consequence of ...

(一个句子), because ... it is adj. that ...

it is unimaginable that ... it is undeniable that ...

it is interesting to discover that ...

三、其它相关常用词（组）

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1. 主章开头

图表类型：table; chart; diagram; graph; column chart; pie graph

描述：show; describe; illustrate; can be seen from; clear; apparent; reveal; represent 内容：figure; statistic; number; percentage; proportion 2. 表示数据

一般：have 10%; at 10%; over 10%

最高（低）点：peaked; reached a peak / high point bottomed out; reached the bottom

变化：recover 略有回升； increase; jump; rise/rose; climb decrease; fall/fell; drop; decline; reduce fluctuate 浮动，摇摆不定

remained steady/stable; stay the same; little/hardly any /no change 变化程度：sudden/suddenly 突然的，意外的 rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的

significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，重要的 sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的 steep/steeply 急剧升降的

steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的 gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的 slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的 slight/slightly轻微的、略微地 stable/stably 稳定的

表示范围：from XXX to XXX; between XXX and XXX; for XXX to XXX多长时间直到 表示程度：almost adv. 几乎，差不多 nearly adv. 几乎，密切地

approximately adv. 近似的，大约

about adv. 附近， 大约，转向，左右，周围 just over 刚超过

over adv. 结束，越过，从头到尾 exactly adv. 正确地，严密地

precisely adv. 正好 精确地；清晰地 比例：20 per cent 20% one in three 1/3

one out of every four 1/4 3. 其它在描述中的常用到的词

significant changes 图中一些较大变化 noticeable trend 明显趋势

during the same period 在同一时期 grow/grew 增长

distribute 分布，区别 unequally 不相等地 pronounced 明显的 average 平均

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no doubt 无疑地

corresponding adj. 相应的，通讯的 represent vt. 阐述，表现 overall 总体上讲 except 除外

in the case of adv. 在...的情况下

in terms of / in respect of / regarding 在...方面 in contrast 相反，大不相同 in conclusion adv. 最后，总之 in comparison 相比之下

inversely adv. 相反地，倒转地 in general 通常，大体上，一般而言 range from

excessive adj. 过多的，过分的，额外 lower v.降低，跌落

elapse vi.（时间）过去，消逝 category n.种类

government policy market forces 市场规率

measure n. 尺寸，方法，措施 v.估量，调节 forecast n. 先见，预见 v. 预测

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever known about today’s college students.

缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way. 没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much. （再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much. 我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）

例句：There is no denying that the practicality of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）

例句：It is universally acknowledged that it is the doctor’s duty and obligation to heal

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the wounded and rescue the dying. 全世界都知道救死扶伤是医生的天职。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...） 例句：There is no doubt that the Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning. 毫无疑问因特网比书面文字更方便、快捷。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）

例句：An advantage of children’s participating in some paid work is that this practice can cultivate their independence, self-determination and sense of responsibility. 孩子参加有偿劳动的一个优点是这种实践可以培养小孩的性、自主性和责任感。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）

例句：The reason why a large number of customs have altered a great deal is that most of them are connected with some superstitious beliefs, and they cannot fit in this world with highly-developed technology.

多数旧风俗习惯都产生了巨大的改变的原因是它们大多与封建迷信有关，与现代社会格格不入。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）

例句：So pervasive are advertisements that no one can avoid being influenced by them. 广告是如此盛行，每个人都难免不受它们的影响。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）

例句：Lovely as pets are, it is by no means appropriate for city dwellers to keep them in their houses.

{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然宠物很可爱，但市民在家中饲养是丝毫不妥的。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）

The more children are encouraged to get in touch with various aspects of society, the more comprehensive their knowledge will be.

越鼓励孩子接触社会的各个方面，他们学习的知识会更全面。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）

例句：By putting the responsibility into the government’s hand, citizens can enjoy a higher level of assurance in quality.

借着将这种职责放在手中，市民在质量上能够享有更高程度的保障。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）

例句：Community service programs enable the government to relieve the strain on its limited budget.

社区服务计划有助于减轻财政负担。

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十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）

例句：On no account can we ignore the significance of education. 我们绝对不能忽略教育的重要性。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了）

例句：It is time we evaluated the roles that modern technology plays in our life from more balanced and objective perspectives.

该是我们从更加公正和客观的角度来评价现代科技在我们的生活中所发挥的作用的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）

例句：Those who think otherwise contend that computers are designed and programmed by human beings to do all the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner.

那些持反对意见的人争论到电脑是由人设计和编程的，因此只能是较机械地进行语言翻译。

十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to display the best self and impress others. 没有人不渴望展现最好的自我以给他人留下深刻印象。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）

例句：Only in a peaceful environment can people lay emphasis on sports events. The Olympic Games is a convincing example because it has been compelled to be cancelled several times in its history due to wars..

只有在和平的环境里，人们才有精力去重视体育赛事。奥运会就是一个很有说服力的例子，因为在历史上它由于战争而数次被迫取消。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的）

例句：It is conceivable that with the rapid development in society and economy, competition is becoming increasingly fierce and acute.

可想而知，随着社会经济的发展，竞争将更加剧烈。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）

例句：It costs an astronomical sum of fund to lock up so many criminals and that’s the reason why imprisonment has imposed a great strain on the budget of a nation.

把如此多的罪犯关押起来需要耗费大量资金，那就是为什么监禁已经大大增加了国家负担的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）

例句：For the past decade or so, practical courses, such as computer and business, have gained tremendous popularity on college campuses.

过去十年来，实用性课程诸如电脑和商科在大学中普遍盛行。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since the advent of modern urbanization, people have been confronted with the dilemma whether or not they should demolish old houses and buildings that seem to have spoilt the

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cityscape.

自从现代城市化的进程开始之后，人们一直面临着这样一种两难的境地：他们是否应该拆除那些是否有损市容的旧房屋和建筑物。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。） 例句：It pays to create a fair atmosphere in which both males and females cooperate and compete on an equal footing.

创造一个让男女平等合作竞争的良好环境是值得的。

二十四、be based on （以...为基础）

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）

Developed nations should spare no effort to finance their economically disadvantaged counterparts.

发达国家应该不遗余力地资助贫国。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让...明白...事）

例句：We should bring home to the masses the significance of space research. 我们应该让人们明白太空研究的重要性所在。

二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关）

例句：Expanding population and influx of migrant workers are closely related to the problem. 人口激增与外来民工大量涌入与交通问题息息相关。

二十八、There exists the possibility of + Ving (存在...的可能性) There exists the possibility of wronging an innocent person 有可能冤枉无辜的人。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...） 例句： Thanks to coeducation system, benign competition and cooperation between male and female students are rightly encouraged.

由于男女共校的教育，异性同学间的良性竞争和友好合作精神得到了发扬。 三十、Only...can （只有...才能）

例句：Only in cities can children be well prepared for their future life and keep up with the trend of the world.

只有在城市里孩子们才能为他们未来的生活作好准备并与世界趋势同步。 三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意）

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三十二、Have (exert, impose) a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响） 例句：Quality of citizens has a great influence on a nation’s prosperity.

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国民的素质对于国家的繁荣有重大的影响。 三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害） 例句：Reading does good to our minds.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁）

例句：abortion poses a great threat to both women’s physical and mental health. 堕胎对于妇女的身心健康都会造成巨大威胁。

三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best （尽全力去...）

例句：schools should do their utmost to ensure the students’ sound growth. 学校应尽全力去确保学生的健康成长。

上升、下降等变化趋

1 to remain level/steady/stable/to level out/to remain constant/

2 be the same as /stay the same as/

3rapid/noticeable/great/sharp/obivious/conspicuous/apparent/dramatic/tremendous/ steep/fast/considerable/overall/massive/significant/ remarkable/huge/substantial/actual/sudden/

4 slow/little/slight/gradual/steady/ stable/general/modest/

5 increase/grow/go up/fly to/climb to/development/to soar/rock to a record high of /upward trend/rise/leap/

6 decrease/ reduce/fall/decline/drop/downward trend/slump/plummet/

7 to speed up/slow down/pause/cease/stop/start with/end with/diminish/vanish/disappear/

8 by…%/at a…speed/a high/low/small/great percentage/by…amount/

9 There is a minor fluctuation between A and B

10 to fluctuate

过渡性词语

1 after that/afterwards

2 in the meanwhile/at the same time/simultaneously

3 to follow the steps

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4firstly…/secondly…/thirdly/next…/and then/before…/not…until/can’t….unless/after that/in the end/

5 one hand…on the other hand

关键点的描述

1 to peak at/to reach the highest point/to come to the summit/

2 to bottom/to reach the bottom/the lowest point/to hit a trough/

3 to account for/occupy/constitute/make up/ 其他

1 to see/witness/find/experience

2 to see the opposite trend

怎样表达统计数据

1toshow/illustrate/provide/offer/reveal/demonstrate/depict/describe/be interpreted as follows/lead to the conclusion that/As is shown/demonstrated/exhibited that/As can be seen that/ to unfold a clear fact that/to identify the trend/to indicate the changes/ to reflect/to provide an overview about/

2 during/over the period between…and…/from…to…/in the years between… and …/in the 5 years spanning from… to …/from then on/ 3 number/change/data/trend/statistics/figure/changing proportion of A and B/fluctuation/allocation/percentage/situation/location/

4 take place/appear/happen/can be found/seen/occur/

5 It is obvious/apparent/conspicuous from the table that

6 From the chart we can clearly find that

7 This is a pie chart which illustrates

8 stand for/represent/be equivalent to

9 vertical axe/horizontal axe

10 be measured/demonstrated/presented in the unit of

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表示比较

1 be slightly higher/lower than

2 There is not a great deal difference/similarities between A and B

3 to compare with/by contrast with/in comparison/

4 to show a threefold increase in comparison with that in…

5 A is …times as much as B

6 while/whereas/

7 be similar to

8 to have something in common with B

9 The difference/similarity between A and B lies in

10 to be the same as/to enjoy the same…/be equal to that of/

11 to be in marked/stark contrast with…

12 to vary considerably between A and B

13 to be different from/differ from

14 to be inversely proportional to…

15 be opposite to/adverse to

16 to be less than/more than 17 …closely followed by…/…coming a close outmatched/surpassed/outweighed/exceeded by/

18 to be overwhelmingly greater than

19 to outnumber…/to be more than in the number of

20 to remain ahead of/to be lag behind

21 be related to/relevant to

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be

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22 to correspond with

23 …with the exception of …

开头段写作结构和表达

如您需写的文章是关于图表，您应注意资料是固定在某一个时间（fixed in time）还是在连串的时间中转变（changes over time）。如资料是一直转变的，您应用适当的文字和句子描述。资料转变可以是增加（Increase），减少（Decrease），波动（Fluctuate）或稳定（Remain Stable）。一般有两种文法可以表达：

动词 + 副词形式（Verb+Adverb form）

形容词 + 名词形式（Adjective+Noun form） The number of (cars)

VERB + ADVERB FORM increased jumped rose significantly decreased dropped fell fluctuated slightly suddenly rapidly dramatically sharply steeply steadily gradually slowly from (June) to (December). between (June) and (December). There was a (very)

ADJECTIVE + NOUN FORM sudden rapid dramatic significant sharp steep steady gradual slow slight increase jump rise decrease drop fall fluctuation

in the number of (cars) from ... to ... in the number of (cars) between ... and ... 并不是每个词都能配合，例如sharp fluctuation.

以下的句法是用于描述稳定资料

The number of (cars sold) remained

steady stable from (June) to (December).

between (June) to (December). stayed the same There was little hardly any no change

in the number of (cars sold) from ... to ... between ... and ...

资料的不同状态有不同的用字，以下是一些例子： Steady drop sharp rise peak dramatic fall

sharp drop through (to) bottom out

(to) reach the bottom gradual increase (to) reach a plateau （to) remain steady

以下是如何描述最高点或最低点的参考句子： The monthly profit The figures The situation peaked in December. at 20%

reached a peak a high (point) bottomed out reached rock the bottom a low (point) hit a trough 用动词的时候，要小心注意时式（tense）和语态（Voice）是否恰当，如果是要描述事件过程或步骤，应用现在式（present tense）和被动词（passive voice）来描述每个过程或步骤。 您也可用动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive）来加强句子的完整性。

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例句：

The second stage involves conducting suitable research. Notes are taken from available literature at the library. Writing the first draft is the third stage.

写好结论

Writing Task 1 并不同Writing Task 2，您并不需要分段写结论（Conclusion），因为您并不需要发表任何个人意见。通常Writing Task 1 文章的最后一句会被视为结论句。

根据上一个步骤的信息确定，开头段简单来说可以分为两个部分：第一，转述和改写原题，第二，在需要的时候适当加入一些图表内的概括性信息。

对于“转述和改写原题”这个部分，不外乎原题进行同义词、语法关系和加减单词的变化，我们可以将这个部分用一个固定的结构总结为“这个图表为我们描述了×××时间内在×××地区×××对象的×××方面的信息”。通过这个固定的结构我们可以看出，除了×××的部分，其余的部分都是固定不变的，因此我们完全可以在考试前就确定相关的内容和表达，我们通过例子来说明这一结构。

例题: The table below show social and economic indicators of four countries in 1994, according to United Nations statistics.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

根据这一结构，开头段可以写的内容为“这个图表为我们描述了1999年内在四个地区在四个经济和社会指标方面的信息”。

所以我们先确定固定内容的写法： “这个图表”：图表类作文中涉及到的无非线line柱bar饼pie表table四类结合chart，illustration，diagram，graph和table这几个常用的“图表”单词，再加上together with，combined with，as well as等固定表达，开头段的这一个部分完全可以确定下来了； “描述了”： show，describe，offer an overview，present，compare等，可以用来表达这一概念的动词可谓应有尽有； “信息”：从宽泛的information，data，figures到具体的percentage，distribution，proportion，考生只需要根据题目的具体要求选择合适的单词即可。

其次我们根据题目的要求可以改写的部分为： “时间”：单个时间点，多个时间点和时间段都有多种的表达方式，考生只需在考前做好总结的工作即可。

“描述对象”：这往往是改写的难点，可以通过同义词和语法关系的替换来实现。例如social and economic indicators可以替换为indicators in both social and economic fields/ economic and social conditions in different aspects等。

因此，综合以上的信息，一个简单的开头段就完成了：The given table provides an overview of social and economic conditions from different aspects in four countries in the year 1994.

然后，对于同样的题材，我们讨论第二个部分“在需要的时候适当加入一些图表内的概括性信息”。这一部分主要应用在主体段内容单薄的情况下，对于这一部分，我们主要可以通过两种方式来实现。

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下定义和解释说明的表达方式：首先请大家牢记in other words, namely等下定义的表达方式和take … into consideration，in terms of，considering等补充说明的表达方式的正确使用，然后将其灵活的应用到对图表中文字信息的补充说明上。

举个例子来说，以上题为例，我们可以将刚刚的开头改写为The given table provides an overview of social and economic conditions from different aspects in four countries, namely, Canada, Japan, Peru and Zaire in the year 1994.

或者The given table provides the information of social and economic conditions in four countries in the year 1994, in terms of the annual income per person, life expectancy at birth, daily calorie supply per person and the literacy rate. All the date is based on the year 1994. 插入图表中的总趋势：对于某些有总体趋势的图表，考生可以在开头段中就加入对总趋势的描述，此举首先可以补充内容的不足，同时可以对全文结构起到总括性的作用。

通过以上的总结，我们不难发现，对于图表类作文的开头段，其内容和形式“丰俭由人”，考生完全可以根据图表内容的信息量，“审时度势”，来确定开头段的写作内容和模式，并在构思完毕之后以最快的时间完成这个部分的行文

1， Overtake 【词性】动词 【出现频率】三星

【用法】本意为“超过”，在曲线图以及其他可以换成曲线图来写的图形中，一般都会出现交叉点。而交叉点的最佳描述方式并不是more than或者是beyond(考官又不是黄家驹的粉丝)。确定一条曲线，在某个点上超过另外一条曲线即可。如剑七满分范文中的：overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 19.与此相似的词还有：Outpace, outnumber, exceed… 2，Approximately 【词性】副词 【出现频率】三星

【用法】雅思小作文最常见词之一，意为“大概”，等同于 around，但在写作中最好不要写上about，因为雅思写作乃学术性写作，about过于口语化了。在考试中能用此词最好用它，但不要过多，注意和around替换使用。

3，Respectively 【词性】副词 【出现频率】三星

【用法】本意为“分别的”，遇到多重属性的时候最为有用。雅思小作文拒绝流水账式的写作，一定要用最精辟的语言表达最完整的信息。所以，列举出各种属性后再用respectively将其各种对应的比值写上即可。如剑7的范文：In 1940 the figures were 9% and 7% respectively, rising to15% and 14% respectively in 1980.

4，Consumed 【词性】过去分词 【出现频率】四星

【用法】本词源自于剑七上考官提供的满分范文，原词为consumption，从此处可看出考官在小作文中

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对非谓语动词的钟爱。此类词具有多重功效，可做定语，插入语，伴随状语…所有的目的只有一个：使文章更显得精辟与多样化。What’s more,我们在选择词汇的时候同样也可以注意到一个词的多种形式。请记住，相同的意思也可以用不同的词表达出来这样才方显你词汇的variety!

5，Increase/decrease 【词性】名词/动词 【出现频率】四星

【用法】小作文中总会有“增加”“减少”这类趋势性描述的词，它们组成了曲线图以及类曲线图中必不可少的词汇。但绝对不能单一地使用，还记得词汇多样性的评分标准吗？Rise, grow, go up/drop fall, sink, drop, decline…都是可供选择的词。

6, Significant 【词性】形容词 【出现频率】四星

【用法】本意为“重要的”，在小作文中用作上升下降变化幅度的词。光有了增加减少还不够，比如剑7TEST2中那幅图，牛肉羊肉和鱼肉都是下降，这就需要我们有不同的表幅度的词。总体上我们可以分为幅度大的：(sharp dramatic rapid substantial significant)；幅度小的：(slight moderate modest)；逐渐的：(gradually steadily increasingly)这样三大类配合使用。

7, Figure 【词性】名词 【出现频率】四星

【用法】本意为“图表”或者是“数据”。做“图表”这个意思讲的时候可以放在首段介绍段中统称所有的图表。重点是“数据”这个意思，小作文不同于大作文的地方在于图表中有诸多数据，我们在写的时候就要带入这些数据以证明趋势的变化。所以，绝对不能不写。当然也不能写得过多，今年六月中旬重庆的考试中就出现了50个数据的表格题，难道我们都写上吗？这里就要注意一个信息分层的问题了，最好写前划出最重要，次重要和不重要数据，留下最重要的信息描述即可。

8, When

【词性】连词 【出现频率】四星

【用法】这里的when并不是我们中学阶段学过的那个意思。在小作文中它具有不可磨灭的连接作用。当前一个词是表示时间的词时，我们用它来连接后面一个句子或短语起连贯和衔接作用。如：老师的数量一直上升到1976年，然后保持在八百万不变。It went up gradually until 1976 when there was a leveling off at 8 million.与此相似的起连接作用的词还有after, before, which was followed by...

9，Contributing 【词性】动名词 【出现频率】五星

【用法】此词源于剑七真题满分范文，曾经有考官说过小作文其实最好的标准就只有两个字：“精辟”。事实也是如此，你在满分范文中很难找出那种又大又难的句子出来。如何将你的文章变得更加精辟便是一大难事，而动名词则为我们提供了很大的便利，用含有动名词的伴随状语或插入语来表达变化量或者对比，节约字数和凸显你写作巧妙性的同时，精辟也显现无疑了。请看下面的例句：The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5

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units.

10, Paragraphing 【词性】动名词 【出现频率】五星

【用法】之所以将本词列于最后，是因为它是你写小作文前第一件应该做的事情。雅思考官非常注重写作的逻辑性，而你的文章最直观体现逻辑的地方就是在分段上面。大部分觉得小作文难的同学就是因为拿到图表以后自己的头脑中还没有形成清晰的逻辑就开始下笔写，写到一半时候就不知道后面该怎么了。所以当你看到图以后先别着急动笔，冷静地观察并分好段再analyze出最重要的信息写出来即可。所以，此乃写好小作文的先决条件！一般来说，小作文总体一般不超过五段，超过五段说明你描述过细字数超标从而时间用去太多以至于大作文不能完成，少于五段则会造成字数偏少扣分更严重

1.数值大与小的比较

在同时期比较两个事物的数值时，例如，表达A大B小，常常用表示对比的连词while将两句话连接起来，并且在while后面的B事物前加上much more或者much less一类的比较级，以突出B的小，跟A做对比。例如：

Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around150grams), while much less fish was consumed(justover50grams).

（剑七Test2）

或者B事物前加用only来表示数值很小，又例如：

…nuclear power,...,had develop din to the main source, producing almost75% of electricity, at 126units,whilecoalandoiltogetherproducedonly50units.

（剑七Test4）

变化幅度的大小也能够被类似的句式表达，比如：

The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50grams…

（剑七Test2）

2.增长与减少的比较

这也是段落内部十分常见的对比方式。先描述A下降或上升了，然后用while或者类似的连词连接后面的B上升或下降了；同时，这种比较也适用于段落之间，比如正文的一个主体段写A,B和C都上升了，下一个主体段写D下降了。需要注意的是，如果是段落间的比较，则不适合用while，而应该用In contrast, Conversely, on the other hand一类表示意群对比的句首词。例如：

The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend,…

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（剑七Test2，作为一段的首句，说明前面一段写的是其他几种肉类的消费量都下降了。）

段落内部的比较还是可以放心大胆的用while,例如：

However, while the figures for the Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990,the figure for Japan dipped to only 2.5% for much of this period,….

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