It seems（happened / appears / doesn’t matter / makes no difference / occurred …）that …主语从句不可提前It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not. (他是否参加会议都无关紧要） It does not matter that if I missed my train.(我有没有错过火车都不重要）
It happened that I saw him yesterday.(我昨天碰巧碰到他）
(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句： Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。(改写）
(3) 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如： What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
有时也可将助用形式主语。如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。
(4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构： Is it true that he is the girl’s father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？ How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了？ 四、连词that的省略问题
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引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略： That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省/不可省) It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省/不可省)
巩固提升
1.________ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever 2. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for 3.When and why he came here ________ yet.
A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known 4. ________ is no reason for dismissing her.
A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late 5. ________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________.
A. That…that you had expected B. What …that you had expected C. That…what you had expected D. What…what you had expected 6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good. A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does 7.It ________ Bob drives badly.
A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that 8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing. A. if B. that C. whether D. how
9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry. A. That B. What C. How D. Which
10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have.
A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what 11.____ you don't like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
13._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee. A. That B. Why C. How D. Who
14._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time. A. When B. Why C. What D. That 15.______he won't go there is clear to all of us. A. How B. What C. Why D. This
16.______the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrow's meeting. A. If B. Where C. That D. What 17. ._______you come or not is up to you.
A. What B. If C. Why D. Whether 18.._______makes mistakes must correct them.
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A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody 19.._______team will win the match is a matter of public concern. A. Which B. That C. If D. How
20..________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
宾语从句The Object Clause
宾语从句的概念：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 句子结构：主句 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句 1. I know him . （简单句） 主语 谓语 宾语
2. I know who he is .（复合句） 主语 谓语 连词 从句主语 从句谓语 主 句 宾 语 从 句
一、连词（引导词）
1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略 ❖ Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better. ❖ 她说她不会参加下个星期天的运动运。
❖ Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party. ❖ He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.
注： 在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句
❖ I’m sorry (that) I don’t know .
❖ We’re sure (that) our team will win . ❖ I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam .
2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略
❖ Lily 想要知道她奶奶是否喜欢这个手包。
❖ Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city . ❖ She asked me if /whether she could borrow these books . ❖ I wonder whether/if she remembered to come earlier.
只用whether不用if的情况：
a. 放在句首时 Whether he will come is not sure.
b. 放在 be 等系动词之后 The problem is whether he will come. c. 放在介词后 He is thinking about whether he has shut the door. d. 和or not 连用 I don’t know whether he will come or not. e. whether to do I am not sure whether to accept his invitation.
3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接副词（when, where, how, why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。
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❖ 你知道他刚刚说什么了吗?
❖ I don’t remember when we arrived .
❖ I asked him where I could get so much money . ❖ Please tell me who /whom we have to see . ❖ Do you know what time the plane leaves ? 带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句
❖ Could you tell us how much it costs to fly to Hainan ? ❖ Could you tell us how long the meeting will last ?
❖ Please tell us how many students there are in your school ? ❖ Can you tell us how old his brother is ? ❖ Please tell us how soon you will be ready . 二、时态
1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定任何一种时态。
❖ I know he lives here .
❖ I know he lived here ten years ago . ❖ I have heard that he will come tomorrow .
2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时） ❖ I saw she was talking with her mother.
❖ He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow. ❖ He said that he had seen it .
3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。
❖ The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth .
(1) I hear that Jim ( be ) a worker two years ago. I hear that Jim ( be ) an English teacher now . I hear that Jim ( cook ) dinner tomorrow . I hear that Jim ( sing )a popular song now. I hear that Jim ( be ) to the Great Wall twice .
I hear that Jim ( play ) basketball when his father came back. (2) He will go to Hong Kong .--- He said that he to Hong Kong . He is sick.--- He said that he sick.
He is reading a book .---He said that he a book . He has finished his work.--- He said that he his work
三、语序
宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 1. When will he go to the library?
His brother asks when he will go to the library . His brother asks when will he go to the library . 2. What does he want to buy ?
I don’t know what he wants to buy . I don’t know what does he want to buy . 3. Who are we going to meet ?
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Can you tell me who we are going to meet ? Can you tell me who are we going to meet ? 4. Does he know French ?
We want to know if/whether he knows French . We want to know if/whether does he know French. 5. Will they go to Canada in summer ?
They’re not sure if /whether they will go to Canada in summer . They’ re not sure if /whether will they go to Canada in summer . 注意事项
1．could / would是委婉语气，不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。 ❖ Could you please tell me where we show our tickets ? ❖ Would you like to know when he will come back ?
2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用that ❖ She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk . ❖ He said (that) he was going to take care of the child . ❖ He asks if I like playing the piano .
❖ You may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station . 4. 连词 if 和 when 在不同从句中的区别：
❖ Do you know if ______back next week ? If he ______ back , please let me know . A. he comes , will come B. will he come , comes C. he will come , comes D. he will come , will come ❖ I don’t know when he _________ (come) . I can’t wait here any more . When he _______ (come) , would you please ask
him to call me ?
5. 连词+宾语从句===连词+to do
❖ I don’t know what I shall do next .===I don’t know .
❖ She didn’t decide which one she would choose .===She didn’t decide . ❖ Please tell me whom you’ll give the letter to .===Please tell me . 6. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 ❖ We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。 ❖ 我认为每天喝大量开水是有必要的 7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。（否定前移的条件是：主句主语时一人称） ❖ 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
注意：这种句型的反义疑问句，应与从句主谓保持一致。 ❖ I don't think that you can do it, ________________?
❖ We don't believe that the news is true, _________________? 8. 虚拟语气的运用
在表建议：suggest, advise, propose; 表要求：demand, desire, request; 表决定：decide；表 命令：order, command, require; 表坚决主张：insist；等动词后的宾语从句，用（should）+do ❖ I suggest that you should study hard. ❖ He ordered that we should go out at once. 9. 宾语从句中that不能省的情况
a. 当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上的宾语从句是，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省
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❖ I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will get better. b. 当it作形式宾语时
❖ She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him. c. 当宾语从句前置时
❖ That our team will win, I believe.
巩固提升
1. The young man asked _____ it's summer or winter.
A. either B. that C. weather D. whether 2. We don't know ______ they did it .
A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us ____ Jim can come back on time .
A. that B. if C. when D. what time
4. Does anybody know ______ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not . A. if B. where C. whether D. that 5. I wonder _______ he is crying now .
A. that B. why C. how D. when 6. Have you found out ______ we can do on Hainan Island ?
A. what B. how C. if D. whether 7. Lily said _______ she had finished her composition .
A. if B. that C. when D. where 8. I don’t know ______ he still lives here .
A. where B. what C. when D. whether 9. Could you show me ________ ?
A. how can I get to the station B. where is the station C. how I could get to the station D. how I can reach the station 10. Please tell me _______.
A. what does he like B. what he does like C. what he likes 11. My sister told him ________ .
A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiting 12. Could you tell me where we _______ next week .
A. would go B. to go C. had to go D. will go 13. Could you tell me how much ________to fly to Hainan ?
A.do it cost B.does it cost C.it cost D.it costs 14. The small children don't know ______.
A.what is their stockings in B.what is in their stockings
C.where is their stockings in D.what in their stockings 15. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _______ .
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 16. Could you tell me how long __________ ? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this science book C. have you been away from China
D. have you been a member of Greener China
17. He says that if it _______ tomorrow , he _______ fishing .
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A. will rain , won't go B. rained , wasn't go C. rains , won't go D. rain , will
Predicative Clauses 表语从句
一、定义：
在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于主句的系动词后。表语从句说明主语是什么或者怎么样,对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内具体化。
二、表语从句的构成---结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句” This is why he did it. 主语 系动词 表语从句 常见的系动词分为以下几种： A．Be动词类
B．表示持续的系动词：keep, remain, stay C．感官动词：look, sound, taste, smell, feel
D．表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：get, become, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run E．表终止的系动词：prove, turn out, seem, appear
三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：（引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。） 从属连词：that / whether /as if /as though/as/because（注：if不引导表语从句） 连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what
连接副词：when / where / why / how / because 1. that引导的表语从句
1) that 在从句中仅起连接作用，无实际意义，在句中不做任何成分，不能省略。
我们的目的是他能意识到自己的错误。 事实是她就是我们正在找的那个人。 The trouble is that I have lost his address. The reason was that he was late for school.
2)在表“建议，劝说，命令”的名词idea,suggestion, request, proposal 后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
2. whether在表语从句中表是否、究竟、到底 ,但不充当句子的成分。
The question is whether it is worth doing. The question is whether we can rely on him.
What the doctor doubts is whether my mother will recover from the disease soon. 关键是我们是否能解决问题。
3.由as if ,as though引导表语从句，表示好像。句子中的系动词常用be,look, appear, seem，sound等。常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或状态。
The young man with long hair looks as if he were a girl.
It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.
看起来好像要下雨。
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听起来好像有人在敲门。 4.as引导表语从句。
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与10年前一样。 5.because引导表语从句。常用结构：This/That/It is/was because... My anger is because you haven’t written to me for a long time. That is because I don’t like English. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。
6.连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose, wh-ever除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。
The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list. Tom is no longer what he used to be. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 我想问的是谁离开了。
7.连接副词where, when, why, how除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。
That’s where I can’t agree with you. This is how they overcome the difficulties.
My strongest memory is when I attended an American wedding. 这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。
问题是他是如何做此事的。 注意：
1.当主句的主语为reason,或者是由why引导的从句时,与它们相关的表语从句用that来引导,而不能由because引导; because 引导表语从句时只能用于This/That/It is/was because... The reason why I was late was that I missed the train. I was late. It/That/This was because I missed the train.
2.That is why...与that is because...
1)Thar is why...(why引导表语从句）=That is the reason why...（why引导定语从句） That is why she failed to pass the exam. That is the reason why she failed to passed the exam. 2)That is why...指各种原因所造成的后果，That is because...指原因或理由 I was angry . That is because he didn’t understand me. That is why he got fired from that firm. 3.The reason (why.../for...) is/was that... ......的原因是...... The reason for his absence is that he got up late The reason why he is absent is that he got up late. 文案大全
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四、表语从句引导词注意事项 1. that引导表语从句时不能省. 2. if不能引导表语从句.
3.除that外的所有引导词都有自己的意义。
4. 除that, whether外的所有引导词都须在从句中充当相应的成分
巩固提升
1. That’s ___ the Party called on us to do.
A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is ___ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3 .That is ___ they separated.
A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.Jane is no longer ___ she was four years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. when 5. The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week. A. that B. if C. when D. whether 6．The reason why he failed is ________he was too careless. A.because B. that C. for D. because of 7. Go and get your coat. It’ s ________you left it
A.where B. there C. there where D. where there 8．The problem is _________to take the place of Ted
A. who can we get B. what we can get C. who we can get 9. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us. A.that B. if C. whether D.不填
10. The reason is_________I missed the bus.
A. that B. when C. why D. what 11.The problem is_______ he has enough time. A.if B.whether C./ D.that
12.________he really means is ________he disagrees with us.
A. What … that B. That … what C. What … what 她不能理解越来越少的学生对她的课不感兴趣。
我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。
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定语从句Attributive Clauses
一、定义：
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 二、结构： 先行词 + 关系词 + 句子
1. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 2. 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：
A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。 三、关系代词引导的定语从句 1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。
注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.
The season that / which comes after spring is summer.
5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。可翻译出【......的】 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
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我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
---The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. ---The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. ---Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? ---Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。 Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. ( ) This is the watch for which I am looking . ( ) The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. ( ) The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （ ）
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. ( ) The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. ( ) The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. ( ) The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. ( )
3. “介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
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我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。 五、关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 The time when we got together finally arrived.
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？ 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
六、性定语从句和非性定语从句
1.形式上：性定语从句不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 非性定语从句用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
2.意义上：性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达 不完整。非限定性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。 3.译法上：限定性定语从句译成先行词的定语：“．．．的” 非限定性定语从句通常译成主句的并列句。 性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。 China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 非性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。
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Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。 注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：
1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引 导的非性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。 John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。 注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。 These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。 3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
4. 以the way为先行词的性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。 I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。 性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 讲的你都记下来了吗？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
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There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。 2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 4．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。 5．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？ 6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。
将下列两句话合并成一句.
1. I can’t find the book.. I bought a book yesterday.
_______________________________________________________________________________ 2. The girl is my sister. The girl is standing on the stage.
_______________________________________________________________________________ 3. The West Lake lies in Hangzhou. The West Lake is one of the most famous lakes in China. _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. I don’t know that boy. The boy is in blue shirt.
_______________________________________________________________________________ 5. My brother likes the singers. The singers write their own music.
_______________________________________________________________________________ 6. The cat is mine. The cat is playing with a ball.
_______________________________________________________________________________ 对比下面四组句子
1. This is the park________ we visited last year. This is the park ________we held a birthday party.
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2. She won’t forget the days ________she spent on the island. She won’t forget the days_________ they stayed together. 3. That’s the date _________we went to the college. That’s the date _________she won’t forget forever. 4. I like the time _________we lived together. I like the time _________we had together. 巩固提升
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. which B. where C. what D. in which 3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which 11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose 14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who 24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that 30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after 31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what 32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
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A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.That is not the way ______I do it.
A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, ______ he could see _____ was going on inside house. A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that 48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected. A. as B. that C. what D. who 49. I have bought two bullpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 41. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened? --- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew. A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
同位语从句Appositive Clauses
一、定义
同位语从句一般放在某些名词的后面，对名词进行进一步解释说明，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。在句中作同位语。
二、常引导同位语从句的名词
fact, news, idea, promise, faith, question, problem, doubt, fear, hope, order, belief, thought, reply, truth, suggestion, advice, proposal
三、引导同位语从句的连接词
从属连词 连接代词 连接副词 复合代词 & 复合副词 功能 只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分。 既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语）。 既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（状语）。 既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语、状语）。 例词 that, whether who, what ，whose, which when, where, why, how whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 四、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句
1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用） 例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.
2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\"是否\"的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句） 例：We‘ll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.
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3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\"什么时候\"、\"什么地点\"、“什么方式\"等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。
例：I have no idea when he will be back.
例：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
4.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\"谁\"、\"什么\"、\"哪一个\"等含义，应用who, what, which, whose等词引导同位语从句，同时在句中充当一定句子成分。
例：I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。
例：I have no idea which wine is best—it’s a matter of personal taste. 我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。 例：The question who will take his place is still not clear.
过手训练：
1.They expressed the hope ________ they would come over to visit China again. 2.I have no idea ________ they were able to get it done in so short a time. 3.Have you any idea _______ he is doing now?
4.They asked me the question _________ the work was worth doing. 5.The question ________ should do the work requires consideration. 6.The news ________ Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
7.We haven’t yet settled the question ________we are going to spend our summer vacation this year. 8.The question ________ should do the work is being discussed at the meeting. 9.I have no idea ________the boy is doing in the next room now. 10.I have no idea ________I can get to the railway station.
11.The problem ________we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.The news that they won the match is true . 2. The news that they told me yesterday is true.
小结：我们通过观察发现，句1中的that 引导的是____________从句，对news 起着_____ 、 ______作用,句2中 的that 引导的是________从句，对 news 起着_____________作用，在从句中做_____________成分。
类别 同位语从句 性质 名词性 功能 补充说明 引导词that的作用 只起连接作用，不做成分,不能省略。 既替代先行词，同时也在句中做某种成分，做宾语可以省略。 wh-引导词的作用 不能替换所修饰的名词,有疑问意义。 关系词没有疑问意义,可替换先行词. 定语从句 形容词性 修饰限定
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Tip: 在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句。反之，则为定语从句。
1. The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. The news is that he told me
2. The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. The news is that Tom would go abroad.
3. He put forward the suggestion that the second question should be discussed first. The suggestion is that the question should be discussed first. 4. The suggestion that he had put forward was turn down. The suggestion is that he had put forward
5. We were greatly pleased at the news that the Chinese women's volleyball team had won the match again. The news is that the Chinese women's volleyball team had won the match again. 6. We were greatly pleased at the news that our teacher had told us. The news is that our teacher had told us.
状 语 从 句Adverbial Clause
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:
1． 时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, the instant, immediately , directly, every time, the day， no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … When
（1）Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives. 他一到就告诉他我要见他。 （2）The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
The moment he saw me, he ran away. 他一看见我，就跑了。
He said he’d call you the moment he got home. 他说他一到家就给你打电话 （3）The instant I saw him, I knew he was the man from the restaurant.
（4）Immediately you begin to speak, he gives you his full attention.你只要一开始说话，他就全神贯注地听。 （5）My sister came directly she got my message. 我妹妹一收到我的信息就来了。 （6）Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
（7）no sooner... than... ，\"一...就...\" ，引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时,\"than\"后面的从句用一般过去时.(从这
里可以知道,no sooner后面是主句;than后面是从句)
例: I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain. 我一到家天就下起雨来 No sooner ...than...常放在句首,表示强调.这时主句要倒装.
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例:No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
（8）He had hardly sat down when the telephone rang.他刚坐下电话就响了。
He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door. 他刚坐下就有人敲门
另外，如果把hardly放于句首，主句要用倒装结构。如：
Hardly had I finished eating when he came in. 我刚吃完他就进来了。
2． 地点状语从句 常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
She was standing exactly where you are standing now那时他就站在你现在站的地方。 Stay where you are.呆在原地别动。 Wherever you go, you should work hard. Sit anywhere you like 随便坐吧
3． 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as,
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that（考虑到，鉴于）, for the reason that My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
I won’t stay long, seeing that/ seeing as you are busy我不会久呆，看你很忙
=I have been lucky in that I have never had to worry about money我很幸运，从来不必为钱发愁。 I think we paid too much money for the house, considering that we needed to get the roof repaired. 考虑到我们得修屋顶，我认为我们的房子买贵了 4． 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：（just） in case以防万一，for the purpose that, Take an umbrella, in case it rains.带把伞吧，以防下雨。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5． 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that, 特殊引导词：such that
He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
6． 条件状语从句 常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as只要, only if只有, providing/providing that/provided that（只要）, suppose that, in case (美)如果, on condition that（条件是）
You can go out to play as long as you stay in the backyard.只要不出后院，你可以出去玩 You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard. 我告诉他，只有努力才能成功。
You can borrow the car , providing I can have it back by six o’clock.你可以借用我的车，只要六点钟以前还给我就行。 In case I am late, start without me.如果我来晚了，你们就别等我先开始吧。
7． 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
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特殊引导词： as尽管，虽然(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )=although，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever, whether……or……（不管……还是……） While there was no conclusive evidence, most people thought he was guilty.虽然没有确凿证据，大多数人还是认为他有罪。 Kelly loved her husband in spite of the fact that he drank too much. 虽然丈夫喝酒很凶，kelly仍然爱着他。 The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
Whether you like the job or not , you have to do it right now.不管你是否喜欢这个工作，你现在都要去做它
一、名词 + as / though + 主语 + 其他
King as he was，he was unhappy. 他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。 他虽是个孩子，却知道帮助别人。
【注】1、其中的动词通常为连系动词， 也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。2、如果单数名词作表语，把它提到句首时，其前不用冠词。即使其前有形容词修饰习惯上也不用冠词。
他虽是男孩， 却喜欢与女孩子玩。
二、形容词 + as / though + 主语 + 其他
Successful as he is，he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。 尽管听起来很愚蠢， 我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。
【注】 其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语 三、副词 + as / though + 主语 + 其他
尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。
尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。
【注】有的将 much as 作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。
Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man. 他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。 Much as I like you，I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你， 却不能和你在一起生活。
四、动词原形 + as / though + 主语 + 其他
Object as you may，I’ll go.纵使你反对， 我也要去。 尽管他想方设法， 却未解决这个问 题。 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。
【注】主语后的动词通常为 may， might，would，did 等情态动词或助动词
五、分词 + as / though + 主语 + 其他
虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。 虽然我们被 敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。
【三条补充说明】
1. 上面提到的倒装结构有时也可用来表示原因，区别的办法主要看句子的内容： 让步从句的内容大多数与主句在意义上相反，而原因从句则与主句之间有因果关系。 比较： Tired as he was，he sat up late studying at night. Tired as he was，he went to bed early. Young as he was，he was equal to the task. Young as he was, he was not equal to the task.
2 在美国英语中，人们通常用 as...as 引导让步状语从句。
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Cold as it was， we went out.=As cold as it was， we went out. 尽管天气冷，我们还是出去了。
Successful as he is， he is not proud.=As successful as he is， he is not proud. 他虽成功了，但不骄傲。
8． 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)（比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。） 特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
more ... than ... 引导比较状语从句表示“比……多；比……更加……或与其说……倒不如说……”的意思。例如： ① Many companies use computers more than they used to.许多公司比过去更多地使用电脑。
② In some places bottled water costs more than a glass of beer.在有些地方瓶装水比一杯啤酒还贵。
③ Don’t be too hard on him. He’s more cheated than stupid.别对他太苟刻了，与其说他愚蠢倒不如说他被欺骗了。
9． 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, as though 特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 状语从句的简化
1、状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:
① 主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；
② 从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如： When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible. 2、另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如： I’m taller than he (is tall ).
The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).
3、就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行\"简化\"。状语从句的\"简化\"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。 状语从句的\"简化\"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中: ①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;
②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;
③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句; ④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;
⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。 (1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。 (2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。 When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .
常用于以下几种情形: 1. 连词+形容词
When (they are ) ripe, the grapes will be delicious. 当葡萄成熟之后，就会很好吃。
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As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。
Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。 2..连词+名词
While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。 Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director. 尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。 3．连词+副词
Once (you are) inside, begin to work.一进去，就开始工作。
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。 4、连词+介词短语
When （you are） in doubt(不肯定) , please consult a dictionary(查字典). 5. 连词+现在分词
As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song. 她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
Look out for cars when (you are )crossing the street. 过马路时要小心车。 6.连词+过去分词
Don’t come in until (you are ) asked to. 不叫你请不要进来。
He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。 The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。 7.连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。
He cleared his throat as if (he wanted) to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。 注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用主格结构来表达。例如:
When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over, ……)
巩固提升
1.I’ll let you know ____ he comes back.
A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although 2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.
A. if B. unless C. for D. since 3. We will work ____ we are needed.
A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever 4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.
A. so that B. if C. when D. although 5._____ you go, don't forget your people.
A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever 6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.
A. since B. for C. when D. as
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7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.
A. because B. However C. when D. since 8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.
A. When B. Because C. Though D. As 9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.
A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of 10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you. A. as B. when C. since D. for 11. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school. A. though B. although C. as if D. when 12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When 13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.
A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though
14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch. A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as 15. We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work. A. since B. until C. Because D. though 16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.
A. even if B. as though C. because D. until
翻译练习
1. 当我进屋时，他正在写信。
2. 无论你去哪都要遵守法律。
3. 昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。
4. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
5. 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。
6. 如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。
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7. 看上去她好象是生病了。
8. 虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。
9. The more you read, the better you understand.
10. They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .
11. We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
12. She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .
倒 装 句
倒装的两种形式：
1. 完全倒装： 将整个谓语动词提到主语前。
2. 部分倒装：即半倒装，将谓语的一部分即助动词提到主语前。 一、完全倒装
1. 表方位的副词here, there 或out, in, up, down, away, off等标志词放在句首，句子用完全倒装。 Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.
【辨析】当主语是人称代词时，主谓语序不变。
Here it is. Here he comes.
2. 地点状语放在句首且谓语动词为come, live, lie, go等时用完全倒装。 In south of the river lies a small factory. From the valley came a cry.
3. such, the following等放句首时， 句子要完全倒装。 Such is life. The following is the answer to the question.
4. There lie / exist / stand / live ＋主语＋…是there be 句型的变式。 There is a tall building on the top of the mountain. There stands an ancient tower on the top of the mountain. 5. “表语＋系动词＋主语”的结构。
Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.
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Seated on the ground are a group of young men. 6. Such 作指示代词放在句首时。 Such is our plan.
Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二、部分倒装
1. 含有否定意义的副词或短语如：few, little, never, not, not until, nowhere, rarely, seldom, hardly / scarcely…when…，no sooner…(than)…，not only…(but also), at no time, by no means等放在句首时，需用部分倒装。 Little does he know about the news.
By no means can he catch up in such a short time.
【注意1】Not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不可倒装。只有在连接两个句子且将not only所连接的句子提到句首时，才可用倒装，but also后面的句子不倒装。
Not only children but also adults are interested in the film Harry Potter.
Not only was there no electricity, but also no water.
【注意2】no sooner...than..., hardly...when..., scarcely...when...引导时间状语从句表示“刚......就......”“一.......就......”主句常常用倒装结构
No sooner had got off the bus than i saw him.
Hardly/Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang. 【注意3】Not until+时间状语或时间状语从句+主句，主句须用部分倒装。 I didn’t realize my mistake until then.=Not until then did I realize my mistake. 【注意4】neither...nor...连接并列分句时，前后两个分句都倒装。 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
2. neither / nor / so / as为标志词放在句首时，句子用倒装。 ①表示前面所说的肯定情况，也适合于另一人或物时，句式如下：
so / as ＋ be (助动词或情态动词)＋ 主语。
②表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于另一人或物时，句式如下：
neither (nor)＋ be (助动词或情态动词)＋ 主语。
— I've got an enormous amount of work to do. —So have I. He believed, as did all his family, that you were innocent. If she doesn’t agree to the plan, neither will Tom.
3. only 与其修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，主句用部分倒装。 Only in this way can you learn English well.
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注意：only修饰主语时放在句首不到装。Only that boy can work out the problem.
4. 在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语有助动词were, had, should时，可将if 省略，而把 were, had, should 移到句首。
Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
5. 在 “so…that” 和 “ such…that”结构中，将“so＋adj. ”和“such＋n. ”提到句首时，句子用部分倒装。 So terrible was the storm that the whole roof was blown off.
Such a clever boy was Jack that he was able to work out all these difficult problems. 三、形式倒装
形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是，只把强调内容提至句首，主谓并不到装。这种结构非常多，但有四个重要句型需特别留意。
1. as/though引导让步状语从句时要倒装，其结构为： 形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词原型 + as + 主语 + 谓语
Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me. Child as he is, he seems to know everything.
Hard as he worked, he made little progress. 注意：
1) 谓语动词前置的倒装， 从句主语后要用may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词，若没有情态动词则加上一个do(does/did)，若前置动词是及物动词，则其宾语也随其后一同提前。 Try as he may, he never succeeds.
Change your mind as you will, you will get no help from us.
2) 名词前应省去冠词，形容词最高级前应省去the. Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings. Oldest as he is, he doesn’t do well in studies.
3)as, though, although都可以引导让步状语从句。as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，though引导的让步状语从句既可倒装也可不到装，although引导让步状语从句不能倒装。 Teacher as/though Mick is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects. Though/Although Mick is a teacher, he is not capable of teaching all subjects.
2. 感叹句
What an interesting talk they had! How interesting their talk was! 3. the more..., the more...句型
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
=If you work harder, you will make greater progress.
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4. Wh-ever, however引导让步状语从句。
Wh-ever=no matter wh-, however=no matter how
How difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.
Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
巩固提升
1. Never in my life such a thing. A. I have heard of or seen B. I had heard of or seen C. have I heard of or seen D. did I hear of or seen 2. Seldom TV during the day.
A. they watch B. are they watching C. have they watched D. do they watch 3. Not until his comrades criticized him to admit his mistake. A. does he begin B. did he begin C. began he D. had he begun 4. Not only a promise, but also he kept it. A. did he make B. he made C. does he make D. has he made 5. nor read English. A. Can’t he either write B. He can neither write C. Can he neither write D. Neither he can write 6. Only when thousands of flowers bloom together . A. spring will be considered here B. could spring be considering here C. can spring be considered here D. spring can be considered here 7. his appearance that no one could recognize him. A. So was strange B. Was so strange C. So strange was D. Strange so was 8. and caught the mouse. A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat 9. “It was cold yesterday.”“ .”Which of the following is wrong. A. So it was B. So is it today C. So was it the day before D. So it did 10. and the lesson began. A. In came Mr. Brown B. Mr. Brown in came C. In came he D. Came in Mr. Brown 11. On the wall two large portraits. A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. are hanging 12. Never such a wonderful place as Hangzhou. A. have I seen B. I have seen C. Had I seen D. I had seen 13. ,she was very brave. A. Girl as she was B. As she was a girl C. A girl as she was D. Girl as was she 14. Little that she was seriously ill herself. A. Susan knew B. did Susan know C. knew Susan D. was Susan known 15. Such the results of the experiments. A. is B. was C. are D. as be 16. I didn’t read the notice. . A. So did he B. Neither didn’t he C. Nor did he D. He didn’t ,too 17. , I would have phoned you. A. If I knew it B. Had I known it C. If I know it D. Did I know it 18. “They have done a good job.” “ .” A. So they have done B. So they have C. So have they D. So is it 19. Now your turn to recite the text. A. there is B. has come C. comes D. will come
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20. Hardly the railway station when the train started. A. did I reach B. had I reached C. I reached D. I had reached 21. “I like to watch TV plays, but I don’t watch TV every evening. ” “ .” A. So do I B. So I do C. I do so D. So it is with me 22. Rarely such a silly thing. A. have I heard of B. I have heard of C. hear I of D. was I heard of 23. the rain stop. the crops would be saved. A. Did B. Should C. Would D. Will 24. Seldom play chess. A. we B. we will C. do we D. will we 25. Only after his death considered correct. A. was his theory B. his theory was C. did his theory D. had his theory 26. Albert Einstein cared little for money. Professor Wang. A. Either did B. So was C. So did D. Neither did 27. the plane. A. Flew down B. Down flew C. Down was flying D. Down flying 28. I don’t think Jack will come today, . A. or Mary does B. Mary will either C. and Mary doesn’t D. nor will Mary 29. “Where is your father?” “Oh, .” A. here comes he B. here does he come C. he here comes D. here he comes 30. he realized it was too late to return home. A. No sooner it grew dark than B. Hardly did it grow dark when C. I t was not until dark that D. I t was until dark that
虚拟语气【The Subjunctive Mood】
语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。 祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。
虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。
一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用
学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。 Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。
虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。
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与未来事实相违背 与过去事实相违背 had + 过去分词 1) should + 动词原形 2) were + 动词不定式 3) 过去式（动词是Be也可以用were） should / would/could/might + 动词原形 should / would/could/might + have +过去分词 与现在事实相违背 过去式（动词是be用were） should / would/could/might + 动词原形 条件从句 主句
1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。
如：If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。
2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （ would, might， could）+ have ＋过去分词。
如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。
3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)； should＋动词原形；were to＋动词原形，主句用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。
如：If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。 要是失败了，我会再试一次。
虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。
如：If we caught the early train, we’d get there by lunch time.
If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.
4. 混合型的条件句
当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。
He would pass the test if he had taken my advice．如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。
如条件从句用if I were...，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。 如: If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去了。 If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我会去的。
二. 连词if的省略
如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。
要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。
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假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。
三. 含蓄条件句
虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。
1) 条件暗含在短语中。
如：But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)
What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中) It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中) This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster.
同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast.
他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or) Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone) 2) 条件暗含在上下文中。
如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to) We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying) Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it) 3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。
如： You wouldn’t know. 你不会知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意来。
四. 不用if引导的条件从句
虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。
The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市后供给粮食。 Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。 Unless I were well, I wouldn’t be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。 Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept?
假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）
Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？
He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。 In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。 Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。 与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。 虚拟语气补充讲解
虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。 1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用
“常用在It is (was)+形容词 / 过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。
It's important that we（should）work out a plan. （带有“要求”的含义） It's better that he go at once. （带有“建议”的意思）
☆ 用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent， 等。
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It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once． It's strange that he should say so. I was glad that he should go.
It is a pity that she should fare so badly.
☆用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。 It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture． It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonight． I’m ashamed you should have done such a thing.
It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off．
注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。
2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用
1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等动词的宾语。
医生建议他不要去那里。
He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。
The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。
2). wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。
☆ 从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。 我但愿这是真的。
☆ 从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望 我希望你再待一会儿。
☆ 表为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词” 我希望你昨天来过电话。
我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。
3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。 ☆ 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 ☆ 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义 我宁愿你明天来。
我宁愿她把重活留给别人。
4). 有些动词，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如： I never thought he should refuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。 She did not expect that you should come.她没有预料你会来。
3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用
名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。 他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。
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我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。 注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。
有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
4. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用
常用在It is time (that)…句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式
It is time the children went to bed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了。（表示催促）
It's high time that he began to think how to deal with money.他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。 It is time we left.我们该走了。
It is time we went to bed.我们该去睡觉了。
5. 虚拟式动词原形亦常用在句中，表愿望
Long live the Communist Party of China！中国党万岁！ God bless you! 上帝保佑你。 God damn it! 该死的！ The devil take you! 见鬼去吧！ So be it then. 就那样吧。
巩固提升
1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made. A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. are reading 2.You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him.
A. come; would meet B. had come; would have met C. come; will meet D. had come; would meet 3.The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been 4.It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately.
A. speak B. spoke C. will speak D. to speak 5.He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time.
A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been 6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____.
A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours C. have lied there for two hours D. have lain there for two hours 7.I wish that I _____ with you last night.
A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone 8.Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel?
A. will you B. should you C. would you D. do you 9.I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known 10._____ the fog, we should have reached our school.
A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for 11.If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport.
A. would meet B. would had met C. would have met D. would have meet 12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____ me how.
A. teaches B. will teach C. has taught D. would teach 13.I would have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I _____ so busy then.
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A. had been B. were C. was D. would be 14.He’s working hard for fear that he _____.
A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fallen behind 15.If it _____ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.
A. had rained B. would have rained C. have seen D. rained 16.He suggested that they _____ use a trick instead of fighting.
A. should B. would C. do D. had
17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _____ there.
A. not went B. won’t go C. not go D. not to go 18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _____ time.
A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had 19.Would you rather I _____ buying a new bike?
A. decided against B. will decide against C. have decided D. shall decide against 20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _____.
A. go to sleep B. went to sleep C. go to bed D. went to bed 21.—Why didn’t you buy a new car?
—I would have bought one if I _____ enough money.
A. had B. have had C. would have D. had had 22.If she could sew, _____.
A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirt C. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat 23._____ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves 24.His doctor suggested that he _____ a short trip abroad.
A. will take B. would take C. take D. took
25.The Bakers arrived last night. If they’d only let us know earlier,_____ at the station.
A. we’d meet them B. we’ll meet them C. we’d have met them D. we’ve met them 26.If I _____ you, I _____ more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A. was; shall pay B. am; will pay C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay 27.We might have failed if you _____ us a helping hand.
A. have not given B. would not give C. had not given D. did not give 28.The law requires that everyone _____ his car checked at least once a year. A. has B. had C. have D. will have 29.It is strange that he _____ so.
A. would say B. would speak C. should say D. will speak 30.Had I known her name, _____
A. or does she know mine? B. and where does she live? C. she would be beautiful. D. I would have invited her to lunch. 31.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _____ all about that. A. know B. knows C. known D. knew 32.If I _____ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car. A. possessed B. owned C. had D. had had 33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _____ to the meeting. A. would come B. came C. would have come D. will come
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34.The librarian insists that John _____ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed. A. will take B. took C. take D. takes 35.I left very early last night, but I wish I _____ so early.
A. didn’t leave B. hadn’t left C. haven’t left D. couldn’t leave 36.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _____ no time.
A. had B. didn’t have C. had had D. have
37.I wish that you _____ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have 38.He insisted that we all _____ in his office at one o’clock.
A. be B. to be C. would be D. shall be
39.Helen couldn’t go to France after all. That’s too bad. I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if _____. A. she’s gone B. she’ll go C. she’d gone D. she’d go 40．----I'll be waiting for you at home.
---- ______ I were busy and couldn't come?
A．What if B．What when C． How if D．How when
主谓一致
一、定义
“主谓一致”是指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致，即主语是复数，谓语也用复数形式，如are, were,
have等，主语是单数，谓语要用单数形式，如：is, was, has, works等。 二、主谓一致的种类：语法一致，意义一致和邻近一致。 （一）、语法一致：
主语为单数形式, 谓语动词也用单数形式; 主语为复数形式, 谓语动词也用复数形式。 e.g. I often _____ him and he often me. We often each other. (help) 不可数名词作主语, 谓语动词用单数；可数名词的复数形式作主语, 谓语动词用复数。 More than one student praised by the headmaster at the meeting.
1.由and和both…and…连接两个名词或代词作主语时，一般情况下谓语动词用复数形式。 He and she both good students.
Both bread and butter sold out in that grocery.
注意：如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物, 或者指同一概念的时候, 谓语要用单数。 The singer and dancer going to give us a performance. The knife and fork on the table
Bread and butter nutritious. 奶油面包有营养。
War and peace a constant theme in history 战争与和平是历史上一个永恒的主题。 2. 如果主语是不定式, 动词ing形式或主语从句的时候, 谓语动词一般用单数。 When he is coming ________(seem) very important. 他什么时候要来看起来很重要。
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Collecting stamps ________his hobby. 收集邮票是他的爱好。
To love her ________not to break her wings. 爱她就不该折断她自由飞翔的翅膀。
3. 定语从句的关系代词who, which, that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 Those who ________ singing may join us. Tom, who __________your friend, should help you.
I , who__________only a common worker , will retire in two years.
注意：one of +复数名词+从句，从句的谓语动词应用复数，而the ( only/very ) one of +复数名词+从句，从句的谓语动词应用单数。例如：
This is one of the most interesting questions that_________been asked.(have) 这是所问到的最有趣的问题之一。
Sarah is the only one of the girls who in the band .(play) He’s the only one of the boys who praised . He’s one of the boys who praised. 4. with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including 如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用, 谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。例如：
The teacher, together with his students, planting trees in the street. 老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。
Mr. Black, as well as two women, ___________ at the office.
All but one here just now.除了一个，刚才其他所有的（人）都在这里。
A library with five thousand books offered to the nation.有着五千本书的一个图书馆提供给了国家。 5.由 every…and every…, each…and each…, many a…and many a …, no ...and no…等构成复合主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
Each man and each woman invited. 每个男人和女人都邀请了。 No boy and no girl _______ there now. 现在那里没有一个男孩和女孩。
Many a boy and many a girl ________ been invited.(have) 很多男孩和女孩都被邀请了。 In China every boy and every girl the right to receive education.(have) 在中国每个男孩和女孩都有接受教育的权利。
6.“ more than one/many a+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数; “more than two, three ...+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
More than one boy been there . (have)不止一个孩子去过那里。
Many a student going to be a lawyer in the future . 将来不止一个学生要当律师。 More than two boys been there . (have)不止两个孩子去过那里。
7. the + 形容词，表示一类人 ，谓语动词用复数；若the + 形容词，表示一类物 ，谓语动词用单数。例如： The rich for the decision but the poor against it. 有钱人支持这个决定，但是穷人反对它。 The green hers. 这件绿色的东西是她的。
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The beautiful forever. (live) 美是永存的.
8.由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词一般用单数形式,但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数. What you said quite to the point . 你说到点子上去了. What we need qualified teachers .我们需要的是合格的教师. 比较:
What she says and does not agree .(do) (“说”和“做”是两件事) What she says and does not matter much . (说和做为一件事, 总指其行为) 注意:由and 连接两个what 从句作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.例如: What he said and what he did different . 他言行不一致 .
What I say and what I think no business of his .我所说的和想的不管他的事.
9.代词 none和 neither 做主语时，有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。但是代表不可数名词时，只作单数。neither 作形容词时与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： None of them arrived yet . (have) None of this money mine. Neither of the students the answer.(know) 这两个学生都不知道答案。 Neither statement true . 这两个陈述都不真实。
10.“分数或百分数+ of +名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其中的名词. 例如： Three-fourths of the surface of the earth sea. 四分之三的地球表面是海洋。 Two-thirds of the youth the plan.(support) 三分之二的年轻人支持这个计划。 Tens of tons of waste into the air with the smoke every day. (go) 每天得有数十吨的废物随着烟雾排放到空中。
11.由every, any, some, no构成的复合词everyone , everybody, everything，anyone, anybody, anything , someone, somebody, something，no one , nobody, nothing以及 each , every ,either , little, much等 +名词/代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Much been done to solve the traffic problem.(have) 已经为解决交通问题做了许多工作。 When he came back ,nothing the same as before . 他回来时，一切都和以前不一样了。 Everyone in the class s surprised at the news. Listen ,someone knocking at the door.
12.“all (of ),half (of ),some (of )以及the rest（of），most (of ), the remainder , plenty of，a part of ,a lot of，lots of 等+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。例如：
Half of the food been sent to that area.(have) 一半的食物背送往那个地方。 Half of the students seen the film. (have) 一半的学生看过这个电影。 Most of his spare time spent in reading. 这食物中有一半不能吃。 Most of the houses in this town new . 这座城市的大多数房子是新的。 The rest of the money locked in the safe . 剩余的钱锁在保险箱的。 The rest of the peasants still poor . 其余的农民还很穷。
13.“this kind of + 复数名词”做主语时，谓语动词用单数；“ 复数名词 + of this kind ”做主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
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This kind of apples imported from America. 这种苹果是从美国进口的。 Plants of this kind growing in tropical areas .这种植物生长在热带地区。
二、意义一致
所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式, 而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数, 但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数, 但在意义上却是单数。
1. 集合名词作主语, 动词可用单数, 也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。 His family a good sample to follow. 他们家是一个学习的榜样。 His family all music lovers. 他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。
2.某些名词如people, police, cattle等, 形式上是单数, 但意义上是复数, 谓语动词应用复数。People 指 “民族” 时例外。 The police _________searching for a thief. The cattle _____________eating grass on the hill.
3. 某些词结尾字母为s, 但并不是复数形式,如: physics, maths , economics (经济学), politics, news…作主语时用单数形式。means, works(著作)单复同形。例如：
Physics very important. 物理是很重要的。
All means been tried. (have) 所有的方法都已经试过了。
Every possible means been used to prevent air pollution ,but the sky is still not clear .(have)
4.当一些由两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名称作主语时, 谓语用复数形式, 如: trousers , shorts, shoes, glasses, goods, clothes, chopsticks, scissors. 如果这些词由 a pair, piece, kind , type ,box + of 修饰,则用单数形式.例如： My trousers white and his clothes black. 我的裤子是白色的，他的衣服是黑色的。
These kinds of glasses popular. (kinds为复数时，谓语动词用复数) 这几种眼镜很流行。
The shoes ________ worn out.鞋子破了。
The pair of shoes _________ worn out. 这双鞋破了。
5.单复数同形的名词，如sheep, deer 等做主语时，应根据主语的单复数意义确定谓语动词的形式。例如： A deer over there . 那儿有一只鹿。 Some deer over there . 那儿有几只鹿。
6.population做主语时，通常看作单数，若population前有分数、百分数修饰时，则句子谓语通常用复数。例如： The population in China very large and 80% of the population in rural areas . 中国人口很多，其中80%的人住在农村。
7.表示距离, 时间, 长度,价值, 金额, 重量等的词, 用复数形式时, 谓语动词一般用单数。例如： Two thousand dollars a large sum. 两千美圆是一大笔钱。 Two hours enough. 两个小时就足够了。
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8.“a/an +单数名词 +and half ” 或 “a + 单数名词+ or two ”作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数;“one and a half +复数名词 ”或 “one or two +复数名词”做主语时, 谓语动词常用复数。例如:
A year and a half passed . (have) One and a half tons of rice sold . One or two days enough for this work . A day or two enough for this work.
9.复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用单数，如someone, somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。
Someone asking for you. 有人找你。 Nothing found in the room. 在屋子里什么也没找到。 10.时间、距离、重量、价格等度量衡复数名词及书刊名作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。
Thirty years not a long time. Roots a famous American novel.《根》是一部美国的著名小说。
三、近邻原则
由or, not only... but also..., not…but…, either...or, neither...nor，whether……or……连接主语时,谓语与靠近的主语一致，即就近一致的原则。There be句型例如：
He or his brothers to blame . 应该怪他或他的弟兄们。 Either you or I mad. 要么是你要么是我疯了。 Neither you nor he right. 你和它都不对。
Not only the teacher but also his family friendly to me. 不仅老师，而且他的家人都对我很友好。 巩固提升
1.Three ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter. A. hundreds people
B. hundred people C. hundreds peoples
D. hundred peoples
2. Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting. A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out 3. I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble. A. am
B. is
C. are
D. be
4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us all. A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; was C. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is 5. There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up. A. were; it B. are; them C. was; it
D. is; them
6. Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city. A. is exploited
B. are exploited C. had exploited D. have exploited
7. Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now. A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
8. Mathematics _______ the language of science. A. are
B. are going to be
C. is
D. is to be
9. Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.
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A. is B. are C. was D. were
10. ________ either of your parents come to see you recently? A. Have
B. Had
C. Has
D. Is
11. What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books. A. is
B. are
C. have
D. has
12. The whole family _______ TV attentively.
A. are watching B. is watching C. is seeing
D. are seeing
13. Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday. A. was
B. were
C. have been D. would be
14. At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village. A. were
B. was
C. is
D. sits
15. If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe. A. are not preserved
B. is not preserved C. were preserved D. have not been preserved
16. There ______ little change in that middle school. A. have
B. had
C. have been
D. has been
17. What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all. A. going to be
B. /
C. is
D. that
18. Seventy-five percent of the earth’s surface ______ with water. A. is covered
B. is covering
C. were covered D. are covered
19. The following ______ some other mental diseases. A. being
B. are
C. was
D. were
20. Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out. A. are
B. is
C. am
D. were
21. “ The Kites” ______ us a story of the kite’s history. A. have told
B. tells
C. were told
D. was told
22. You and I _____ twin sisters. A. were B. are C. is D. am
23. A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers. A. are telling
B. is telling C. are given D. were given
24. Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time. A. rots away
B. rot away C. has rotted away
D. are rotted away
25. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium. A. is cleaning
B. are cleaning C. were cleaning D. have cleaned
26. Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln. A. have known
B. knows C. is known
D. are known
27. The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.
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A. were B. has been C. had been D. was
28. “ Have you all studied the passage‘Using the Mind against Disease’？” “______ .”
A. Nobody of us has B. Nobody of us have C. None of us has 29. A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.
A. were advancing B. were advanced C. was advancing
D. advancing
D. None of us did
30. Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.
A. is enjoy B. were enjoying C. enjoys D. enjoy
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