2010年考研英语强化翻译讲义(全)

2010考研英语强化阅读理解讲义

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阅读理解全真试题（1996—2009年）

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第一部分 英译汉全真试题（1996-2009年）

Passage1

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine tomb kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting \"good \" as opposed to \"bad\" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

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Passage 2

Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says \"I don't like this contract\"?

The point is this without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely \"logical\". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

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Passage 3

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite — Cobe — had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)

72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

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Passage 4

71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own tune and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.

72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of \"tunnel method,\" frequently fall victim to the \"technicist fallacy.\" Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

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Passage 5

Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country' s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements — themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

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Passage 6

In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain' s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.

71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

According to BT' s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.

73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.

Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. \"By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,\" he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: \"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\"

Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder — kitchen rage.

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Passage 7

Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. ) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning \"values\". Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

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Passage 8

Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

\"Anthropology\" derives from the Greek words anthropos \"human\" and logos \"the study of.\" By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. () Tylor defined culture as \"... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.\" This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.

(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of \"culture,\" like the concept of \"set\" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

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Passage 9

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from \"exotic\" language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. () Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought ma society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages , Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

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Passage10

It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 19. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution. 49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

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Passage 11

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.”

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Passage 12

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European university. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

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Passage 13

In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”

Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

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Passage 14

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.（46）It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. （47）Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.（48） While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

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第二部分 英译汉全真模拟试题

Passage 1

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (10 points)

71) The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No. 1 health problem in the U. S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness. Our reactions are formed on the terror level. We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst. The result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs （自疑有病者), a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention. Somewhere in our early education we become addicted to the notion that pain means sickness. 72) We fail to learn that pain is the body's way of informing the mind that we are doing something wrong, not necessarily that something is wrong. We don't understand that pain may be telling us that we are eating too much or the wrong things; or that we are smoking too much or drinking too much; or that there is too much emotional congestion in our lives; or that we are being worn down by having to cope daily with overcrowded streets and highways, the pounding noise of garbage grinders, or the cosmic distance between the entrance to the airport and the departure gate, we get the message of pain all wrong. 73) Instead of addressing ourselves to the cause, we become pushovers for pills, driving the pain underground and inviting it to return with increased authority. 74) Early in life, too, we become seized with the bizarre idea that we are constantly assaulted by invisible monsters called germs, and that we have to be on constant alert to protect ourselves against their fury. Equal emphasis, however, is not given to the presiding fact that our bodies are superbly equipped to deal with the little demons, and that the best way of forestalling an attack is to maintain a sensible life-style.

The most significant single statement about health to appear in the medical journals during the past decade is by Dr. Franz Ingelfinger, the late and former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine. Ingelfinger noted that almost all illnesses are self-limiting. That is, the human body is capable of handling them without outside intervention. 75) The thrust of the article was that we need not feel we are helpless if disease tries to tear away at our bodies, and that we can have greater confidence in the reality of a healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems. And even when outside help is required, our own resources have something of value to offer in a combined strategy of treatment.

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Passage 2

When offices are planned the attention paid to the correct use of space, and individual and company needs, is often totally inadequate. 71) Bad planning can frustrate the manager and employee and reduce their level of performance. This is why so much research has been undertaken since the war into effective office planning. There is a growing realisation that investment in people means that their needs should be thoroughly analysed and provided for. It has encouraged a number of office planning approaches. 72) The best of these approaches take into account not just the physical aspects of a building but the complex individual and group relationships which need to be understood before a plan is implemented. A man's personal preference is always for his own separate office. Where this can be achieved it provides privacy and special advantages for him. However, it is quite uneconomic for most organisations to provide such facilities on anything but a limited scale. 73) Moreover the corporate needs for good communications, smooth exchange of ideas and paper work, and flexibility demand a different form of planning. Preoccupation with rental costs has led in the past to openplan offices which in the worst circumstances are laid out in such a regimented fashion that the atmosphere is totally impersonal.

Nevertheless, costs must be faced realistically. Perhaps the best balance between the needs of most of the employees and the needs of the company are to be found in landscaped offices. Developed in Germany in the late 1950s, landscaping, or Burolandschaft as it is sometimes called, seeks to achieve good communications and information flow by the correct juxtaposition of departments. 74) Its aim is to provide a pleasing working environment for all, coupled with economic use of space and the ability on management's part to alter office layout to cope with changes in working methods. Ideally a floor area of not less than 6000 sq.ft.is required, generally in the form of a square or rectangle the sides of which have a ratio of less than two to one. Employees are grouped together in clusters, in accordance with a plan that takes into account work flow and desirable relationships across traditional organisational barriers. Such groups are identified and separated by movable screens. 75) An acceptable general noise level is achieved by careful acoustic control to provide aural privacy and mask intrusive noise.

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Passage 3

All great writers express their ideas in an individual way: it is often possible to determine the authorship of a literary passage from the style in which it is written. 71) Many authors feel that the conventions of the written language hamper them and they use words freely, with little observance of accepted grammar and sentence structure, in order to convey vividly their feelings. beliefs and fantasies. Others with a deep respect for traditional usage achieve a style of classical clearness and perfection or achieve effects of visual or musical beauty by their mastery of existing forms enriched by a sensitive and adventurous vocabulary, vivid imagery and a blending of evocative vowels and consonants.

Young people often feel the need to experiment and, as a result, to break away from the traditions they have been taught. In dealing with a foreign language, however, they have to bear in mind two conditions for experiment. 72) Any great experimental artist is fully familiar with the conventions from which he wishes to break free; he is capable of achievement in established forms but feels these are inadequate for the expression of his ideas. In the second place, he is indisputably an outstanding artist who has something original to express; otherwise the experiments will appear pretentious, even childish.

Few students can achieve so intimate an understanding of a foreign language that they can explore its resources freely and experimentally. Not all feel the need to do so. 73) And in any case examination candidates need to become thoroughly acquainted with conventional usage as it is a sure knowledge of accepted forms that examiners look for. The student undertaking a proficiency course should have the ability to use simple English correctly to express everyday facts and ideas. 74) This ability to express oneself in a foreign language on a basis of thinking in that language without reference to one's own is essential at all stages of learning. Students with extensive experience in translation who have had little practice in using the foreign language directly must, above all, write very simply at first, using only easy constructions which they are convinced are correct, forgetting for the time being their own language and rigorously avoiding translating from it.

More complex forms, more varied vocabulary and sentence structure should evolve naturally in step with the student's increasing knowledge of the language. The student introduces a certain form or construction only when he is thoroughly familiar with it and is certain that it is normally used in this way. As he achieves additional conidence, he can begin to take an interest in the use of the language to create diverse effects. He may want to convey impressions of suspense, calm, dignity, humour, of music or poetry. 75) He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description. But he will still

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write within the limits of Ms ability and knowledge. And, as a learner, he will still be studying and observing conventional English usage in all that he writes.

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Passage 4

We usually assume that an innate characteristic of human beings is the close and immediate attachment between the newborn child and its parents, especially its mother. Because abandonment or abuse of children seems to defy such beliefs, we are baffled by reports of widespread parental abuse of children. A look at the past may provide a different perspective on the present.

According to some scholars, maternal indifference to infants may have been typical of the Middle Ages. Aries says there is evidence that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries parents showed little affection for their children, and Edward Shorter argues that this indifference was probably typical among the ordinary people of Western Europe, even in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 71) The death of young children seems to have been accepted casually, and although overt infanticide was frowned upon, allowing children to die was sometimes encouraged, or at least tolerated. For example, in Western Europe it was common for mothers to leave infants at foundling hospitals or with rural wet nurses, both of which resulted in very high mortality rates. 72) Whether these practices were typically the result of economic desperation, the difficulty of raising an out-of-wedlock child, or lack of attachment to an infant is not clear, but the fact that many well-to-do married women casually chose to give their infants to wet nurses, despite the higher mortality risks, suggests that the reasons were not always economic difficulty or fear of social stigma. While the practice of overt infanticide and child abandonment may have been relatively widespread in parts of Western Europe, it does not seem to have been prevalent in either England or America. 73) Indeed, authorities in both those countries in the sixteenth century prosecuted infanticide cases more vigorously than other forms of murder, and the practice of leaving infants with wet nurses went out of fashion in England by the end of the eighteenth century. By the eighteenth century in Western Europe, parents were expressing more interest in their children and more affection for them, and by the nineteenth century, observers were beginning to criticize parents for being too child-centered. Nevertheless parents were still not prevented from abusing their own children, as long as it did not result in death. 74) Because the parent-child relationship was regarded as sacred and beyond State intervention, it was not until the late nineteenth century that reformers in England were able to persuade law makers to pass legislation to protect children from abusive parents. 75) Ironically, efforts to prevent cruelty to animals preceded those to accomplish the same ends for children by nearly a half century.

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Passage 5

A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behaviour. 71) He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending. If an economist were asked which of the three groups borrow most — people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes — he would probably answer, those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with stable incomes were next and people with declining incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. 72) Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices. \"In a few months,\" she said, \"We'll have to pay more for meat and milk; We'll have less to spend on other things.\" Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. 73) Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer's resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: \"I just don' t pay these prices; they are too high.

Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered. The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. 74) Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conductive to spending appears to be price stability. 75) If prices have been stable and people have been accustomed to consider them \"right\" and expect them to remain stable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.

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Passage 6

Aging can be defined as the progressive deterioration, with the passage of time, of the structures and functions of a mature organism. This ultimately leads to the death of the organism. 71) Either the progressive loss of function makes the organism less able to withstand infectious disease or, often, the failure of some vital organ precipitates the death of all the rest. Many fish and reptiles also seem to avoid, or at least inhibit, aging by continuing to grow throughout their lives. 72) We do not know just what brings on death, but it may simply be the same factors that cause death in younger members of the species: disease and predation. These challenges to life, acting in a completely random way, will eventually strike down all the members of a given generation. It is probably also true that fish and reptiles become less well adapted to their environment when they exceed a certain size. 73) In any case, the ability to grow steadily, even if slowly, does seem to protect them from the harmful effects of aging. Some marine turtles are estimated to live more than 150 years.

Mammals, as we have seen, grow to a certain size and then stop. Some time after the cessation of growth, aging begins. The actual time span involved varies widely from species to species. A three-year-old laboratory rat is very old. 74) In man, although the deterioration associated with aging can be detected by the age of 30 years, fatal loss of function may not occur until much later. What are the symptoms of aging? 75) Decreased muscular strength, decreased lung capacity, decreased pumping of blood from the heart, decreased urine formation in the kidney, and decreased metabolic rate are just a few of the many body changes which occur with aging.

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Passage 7

Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different. 71) They must strive to distinguish between what they see and what they wish too see for humanity's capacity for self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptions are the least questioned. 72) Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that assert it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to \"change our minds.\" 73) Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing ones.

Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people. But in their profession they work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty. The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable they must be capable, at least in principle, of being proved wrong. 74) For example, if someone claims that a certain procedure has a certain result, it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict the claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a steppingstone to further knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resources to test every claim, so most of the time we must take somebody's word. However, we must have some criterion for deciding whether one person's word is as good as another's and whether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, is that the claim must be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word only of those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable — if not in practice then at least in principle. Speculations that cannot be tested are regarded as \"unscientific.\" This has the long-run effect of compelling honest findings widely publicized among fellow scientists are generally subjected to further testing. 75) Sooner or later, mistakes (and lies) are bound to be found out; wishful thinking is bound to be exposed. The honesty so important to the progress of science thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists.

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Passage 8

As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life-food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 71) Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfil needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or, on the other hand, using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of living. In other words, we either raise our standard of living above that necessary for comfort and happiness or we leave it at this level and work shorter hours. I shall take it as axiomatic (=assumed to be true without proof) that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. It follows that the housewife will also expect to be able to have more leisure in her life without lowering her standard of living. It also follows that human domestic servants will have completely ceased to exist. 72) Yet the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely from the routine operations of the home such as scrubbing the floors or the bath or the cooker, or washing the clothes or washing up, or dusting or sweeping, or making beds. The most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations (for example, scrubbing, sweeping and dusting, washing up, laying tables, making beds), when so switched by the housewife. 73) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine.

74) There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution.

When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 per cent of them have the immediate reaction,' How soon can I buy one?' The other 10 per cent have the reaction,' I would be terrified to have it moving about my house' — but when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. In my own home we have found that, at first, the washing-up machine was regarded as a rival to the worker at the kitchen sink, but now there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep. 75) Some families would be delighted, no doubt, to have the robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night, 23

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while others would prefer to have it done in the mornings, but this would be entirely a matter of choice.

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Passage 9

71)The amazing success of man as a species is the result of the evolutionary development of his brain which has led, among other things, to tool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logical reasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways in which the chimpanzee biologically resembles man lies in the structure of his brain. The chimpanzee, with his capacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence more like that of man than does any other mammal living today.

72)The brain of the modern chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain that so many millions of years ago directed the behavior of the first ape man. For a long time, the fact that prehistoric man made tools was considered to be one of the major criteria distinguishing him from other creatures. As I pointed out earlier, I have watched chimpanzees modify grass stems in order to use them to probe for termites.

73)It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion his tools to \"a regular and set pattern''-but then, prehistoric man, before his development of stone tools, undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at which stage it seems unlikely that he made tools to a set pattern, either. 74) It is because of the close association in most people's minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool; but it is important to realize that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned. The fact that the Galapagos woodpecker finch uses a cactus spine or twig to probe insects from crevices in the bark is indeed a fascinating phenomenon, but it does not make the bird more intelligent than a genuine woodpecker that uses its long beak and tougue for the same purpose. 75) The point at which tool-using and tool-making, as such, acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes, and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.

At the Gombe Stream alone we have seen chimpanzees use objects for many different purposes. They use stems and sticks to capture and eat insects, and, if the material picked is not suitable, then it is modified. They use leaves to sop up water they cannot reach with their lips, and first they chew on the leaves and thus increase their absorbency. We have seen them use handfuls of leaves to wipe dirt from their bodies or to dab at wounds.

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Passage 10

The most important development will be the interconnection of \"intelligent\" items and computers. The whole network will offer far more in terms of saving labour than the mere elements alone. Whatever you want will be there when you want it.

For example, if you wanted to cook a meal for friends, one of whom was a vegetarian, you could ask your oven for ideas. 71) It might suggest several recipes using the ingredients your fridge and cupboards had told it they contained which would be acceptable to all your guests while avoiding ingredients that you, the host, did not like. It could then cook it.

This would probably mean more time to sit motionless in front of the television. Unless people chose to lead more active lives, there would be national epidemics of obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, cardio-vascular disease and hypertension.

In the last two centuries, the average height has increased by 18in. 72) We are now in the middle of another great shift, but it's outwards and not upwards, because we fill our spare time with sedentary behaviour such as watching television.

The problem posed by labour-saving devices is how to spend the saved time. While most people would sit in their homes, some white-collar workers might fill the time by working harder.

The result could be a divided society. By 2050 we' re going to have a small number of hard-working rich and a vast majority of idle poor.

73)The social changes labour-saving devices will bring could also strain personal relationships, lead to unemployment and spark an anti-technology backlash. 74)We could become an impersonal society, preoccupied with technology, but there are going to be lots of people with low-paid jobs who won' t be liberated by it at all.

However, mankind will rise to the challenge. We should not underestimate the amazing adaptability of human beings, 75) \"If you are worried about getting too little exercise, someone would be happy to build a physical exercise machine so that you could burn calories while you sat at your desk.\" For the entrepreneurial capitalist the message is clear: invest in health clubs.

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第三部分 2003年和2001年英译汉评分标准

2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语试卷评分执行细则 一、英译汉 评分标准说明

1．如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。

2．如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分：若其中一种译法错误，不给分。

3．汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分

各句的分数段划分如下：

61. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,

(1)

(2)

thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

(3) (4)

（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）、各0.5分

答案：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。 可接受的译法 （１）●furthermore： 不可接受的译法 ●进而；确切地说；不久的将来 另外；并且；更进一步来说；甚至； 不仅如此；此外； ●modify：改善；改进；改造 （２）subject„to„ 使„„服从于„„ 使„„承受„„ 使„„都符合„„ 使„„按照„„来改变 按照„„将„„进行改造 使„„与„„致„„ 使„„适应„„ ●other life forms 其它生命形式，其它生命形态；其它形式的生命

●美化；去适应；影响，看清；控制；调适 ●依据„„制定„„ 其它„„形成了„„ 将„„都纳入„„ 以„„反抗„„ 将„„转变成„„思想和想象力 随着„„支持„„ 根据„„追求其它生活方式； 希望„„形成 ●其它的生活方式；其它生活模式 27

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整句示例：

1．另外，人类具有调适生活的能力，这样，易于反对所有其他的生命形式进入他们自己奇怪的思想和幻想中。

2．并且，人类具有能力改变适应他们的环境，其它的生命形式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。（0．5分）

3．更进一步说，人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力，这使得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生活方式。（1分）

4．不仅如此，人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力，这就是以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生命形式。（1.5分）

5．而且，人类还有改造他他们所居住的环境的能力，这样，使其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。（2分）

62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and (1) (3)

endeavors in he same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural (3) (4) scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

答案：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 可接受的译法 （1）●intellectual 智力；智能 ●enquiry 探究；探寻 （2）●seeks 试图；致力于；寻求 ●endeavors 努力；活动 ●study 研究 （3）●reasoned 推理的 ●orderly ●dispassioned 不带感情（色彩）的；理性的；客观的；不受情绪影响的 ●manner 方法

●智慧、能力 ●查询、需求、发展、科学、活动、获取、成果、学科、体系 ●美化；去适应；影响，看清；控制；调适注：没有译出intellectual enquiry 的意思，包括只译出其中一词的，均扣0.5分。 ●寻找 ●耐力；尝试；工作；行动 ●学习 ●原因的；理由的；合理的；理智的； ●序列的 ●无激情的；缺乏激情的；消极的；感情的 ●systematic 不可接受的译法 28

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可接受的译法 不可接受的译法 （1）●that natural scientists...phenomena. 自然科学家（用同样的方式） 研究自然现象； （这也是）自然科学家研究自然 现象（的方式）； （同）自然科学家研究自然现象的 方式（一样）； （和）自然科学家研究自然现象（相 同） 注：没译出该节与第三小节的“in the same...manner...\"的关系，扣0.5分。

整句示例：

1．社会科学是能力发展的一个分支，它需要研究人类和同样条件下自己的规律。系统学和使用自然物理用于自然科学家。（0分）

2．社会科学是智力发展的一个分支，它通过使用自然科学家学习自然规律的方法，即原因，秩序，系统以及其方法，去学习人类及其生存。（0.5分）

3．社会科学是智能获取的一个分支，它试图用推测，顺序，体系并感性的方式研究人类及其活动，而这种方式也是自然科学家用以研究自然现象的。（1分）

4．社会科学是知识探究的一个分支，它致力于研究人类及其行为。和自然科学家研究自然现象一样，它运用同样原因、规则、系统和缺乏激情的方法去研究人类和他们的行为。 （1.5分）

5．社会科学是知识探寻一门学科。同自然科学家研究自然现象的方式一样，它用理性的，有序的，系统的和客观的方式去研究人类及其行为。（2分）

63．The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural (1) (2) perpective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a (3) unique and distinctly important social science. (4)

(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)各0.5分

答案：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 可接受的译法 （1）●emphasis 注重：重视；对于„„的 重视/强调；emphasis ●data gathered fust-hand: 第一手数据的采集； 第二手数据的收集； 不可接受的译法 ●重点在；重点在于；重点是 ●第一手收集； 用第一手的资料； 收集到的第一手资料 29

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（2）●combined with: 结合；联同 ●联系；融合；汇成；混合；复合 ●多文化；跨越文化 ●背景；领域；透视法；前景 注：如“combined“未译，可结合其它 错误综合扣分。 ●文化过去和现在 注：brought to修饰perspectives, 若没有翻出这层关系，扣分。 ●cross-culture:文化交汇；交叉文化 ●perspective: 视点；观察 （3）●culture past and present 古今文化：过去和现在的文化； 过去和现在的文化现象 （4）●unique 独一无二，与众不同 ●定义明确 ●distinctly important 非常重要的；极力重要的；特别重要的；注：如\"distinctively\"未译，只译出“重要的，”有特殊重要性的

整句示例：

1．收集的第一手数据资料现象造成了社会科学中完备、直接研究的重要性。它包括传统文化为过去和现在带来的文化根基。（0分）

2．第一手资料的收集重点在于结合相关知识的观点用于分析现在和过去的文化现象，使这项研究成为一门独一无二的有特点的重要的社会科学。（0.5分）

3．注重第一手资料的采集，结合具备历史感和现代感的多文化分析视角，使得人类学成为一门独特的，有着特殊重要性的社会科学。（1分）

4．强调对第一手材料的收集，以及从跨文化的视角对过去的和当前的文化进行分析使得社会科学的研究有一种独特的重要性。（1.5分）

5．这一学科强调第一手资料的收集，并以跨文化的角度对过去和当代文化进行的分析，使这一研究领域成为独一无二而且非常重要的社会科学。（2分）

．Tylor defined culture as \"...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, (1) (2) law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of (3) society.\"

(1)、(3) 各0.5分，（2）为1分。

答案：泰勒把文化定义为“......一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯”。

可结合其它错误综合起来扣分。 30

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可接受的译法 （1）●defined culture as 将文化定义为：为文化下的定义是：是这样定义文化的 ●complex whole 复合体：综合体：集合体：统一体；复杂整体；组合体 （2）●which includes... 合译：包括0的复杂整体； 分择：是一个复杂整体，它包括„„ ●belief 信念 ●morals 伦理 ●custom 风俗习惯 （3）●acquired 获取 ●acquired by as a member of society 人作为社会成员所获得的信仰，艺术，道德„„能力和习惯； 信仰，艺术„„以及人作为社会成员所获得的能力和习惯。 不可接受的译法 ●认为文化应该是：指出文化是；把文化翻译为 ●综合反映；复杂的过程；复杂体系 ●要求；拥有；需要

整句示例：

1．研究发现：“一个人必须掌握的知识涵盖了生活，艺术，法律，和另外一些需要具备的技能。”（0分）

2．泰勒这样给文化下定义：整个复杂的文化过程包括信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗和其它任何能力和习惯都需要通过人类作为社会的一员而构成。（0.5分）

3．泰勒给文化下的定义是：人作为社会成员所需要的包括信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，习惯等的混合体。（1分）

4．泰勒给文化下了一个定义：“„„它是一个复杂的整体，包括信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗和其它能力和习惯，是人作为社会的成员而获得的。”（1.5分） 5．泰勒给文化下的定义是：“„„一个复杂的有机整体，它包括作为一个社会成员的人所获得的信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，以及其他能力和习惯。”

65．Thus, the anthropological concept of\" culture\" like the concept of\" set\" in (1) (2)

mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of (3) (4) concrete research and understanding.

（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）、各0.5分

答案：因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一

31

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个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。 可接受的译法 （1）●Thus:因此，所以 ●the anthopoloical concept of \"culture\" 人类学中/上/里/的/关于/对于文化的概念/观念 （2）●set:集 未译成“集”可不扣分 （3）●an abstract concept: 一个/种抽象/的/概念 （4）●which is... 合译：是„„的一种抽象概念 分译：它/这种概念 ●makes possible... 使„„成为可能；使有 可能进行 ●immense amounts of 大量的 ●concrete research 具体的研究

整句示例：

1．所以，社会学家定义“文化”就好像数学“公式”一样，它们都很抽象并在研究和理解的过程中发生冲突。（0分）

2．如此，“文化”的anthropological概念，跟数学概念相象，是一个绝对概念，这从数量上研究和理解是可能的。（0.5分）

3．这样，关于“文化”的概念如同数学上“定理”一样，是一个抽象概念，它使得很多专心致力于研究和理解成为可能。（1分）

4．因此，人类学中的“文化”这个概念，就象数学中“设定”概念一个样，是一个混合研究和理解成为可能的一个抽象概念。（1.5分）

5．因此，像数学中的“制定”概念一样，人类学的“文化”概念是一种抽象概念，它使大量具体的研究与理解成为可能。（2分）

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不可接受的译法 ●由此；然而；尽管/总之 ●分析学的；社会学的；文化 的人类学概念 ●一个高深的概念 一种绝对的/准确的东西/概括 ●这/这样„„/对它的认识 使„„ ●这样可能使得„„ ●足够多的； ●集体的/真实的/周密的/实体 的/准确的/相关的/专心的/混合 的研究 新东方在线 [www.koolearn.com] 网络课堂电子教材系列 英译汉、完型与词汇分册

2001硕士研究生入学考试全国统一命题 英语试卷主观性试题评分执行细则 一、英译汉：

1．每个句子微观评分，综合扣分，注意各句中的要点。 2．整句译错，意思扭曲不给分。

各句的分数段划分及实例如下：

71．There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, | （1）1分

and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them | when they offend （2）1分 （3）1分

答案：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。 可接受译法 （1）There will be...robots将会有机器人主持的谈话/聊天/讨论/表演 （2）and cars...them 不可接受译法 将有被机器人安装的电视聊天节目；（hosted 错译扣1分） 关系代词如指汽车，则扣1分，disable错译扣0.5分；them（指汽车）指代关系错译，如译成监控器，扣1分，但本部分扣分最多不得超过1分。 当有污染监控器的汽车冒犯时。（本段中offend 错译扣1分） 和有污染临控器装置的汽车，这些装置致使汽车失灵/无法运行/瘫痪/不能前进/不能开动/将阻止汽车开动 （3）when they offend 当汽车污染超量时。 整句示例：

例1．将有由机器人主持的电视闲谈节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。当汽车违反污染控制时；污染控制器将使汽车无法运转。（3分）

例2．将会有机器人主持的电视聊天的节目产生，并且有带有污染监控器的汽车。在汽车违反规章时就会不能前进。（2分）

例3．将会出现被机器人控制的电视聊天节目，以及带有污染监控器的汽车在破坏环境时，使司机不能工作。（1分）

71．Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, （1）1分

computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, （2）1分

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relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived （3）1分

答案: 儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。 可接受译法 （1）children will play... chips孩子们 将与装有个性集成电路块的玩具娃 娃玩； 孩子们将会玩装有集成电路块的有 个人性格的玩偶； personality为：“性格、个性”； （2）computer... tools 带有内装个性的计算机将被认为是 同事而不是工具； 内部装有人格化芯片的电脑将不会 被看作工具而是被看作工作同伴； （3）relaxation will be... arrived (relaxation 译为“放松、休息、消 遣、娱乐”均为可接受译法。） 整句示例：

例1．孩子们将会与装有个性化集成电路片的玩偶玩耍，内装个性的电脑将被认为是工作同伴而不是工具，消遣将会在释放气味的电视机前进行，那就是说数字化时代就已到来。（3分）

例 2．孩子们将用装有人的性格的玩具玩，内装性格的计算机将被看作是同伴而不是工具，娱乐将出现在有气味的电视机前面，数字化时代将已到来。（2分） 例3．孩子们能够与安装了人工智能的玩具玩，电脑一旦安装了个性程序，它将视为伙伴而不是工具，看有香味的电视的时代即将到来。（1分） 73．Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, （1）1分

to produce a unique millenium technology calender that gives the lastest dates, （2）1分

when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place （3）1分

34

不可接受译法 孩子们将要玩具有性格集成块的玩具； dolls译成“玩具”扣0.5分； chips译成“锌片”扣0.5分； personality译为“个人”扣0.5分 具有性格的计算机将被看作是同事而不是工具； （in-built错译或漏译扣0.5分）； 休息时前面的计算机就会发出气味（扣1分）； （本段译文基本意思正确，个别词错译或漏译均扣0.5分。） 新东方在线 [www.koolearn.com] 网络课堂电子教材系列 英译汉、完型与词汇分册

答案：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

可接受译法 （1）pieced together.汇集；收集；综合； 拼集在一起 around the world:世界各地，全世界； 来自全世界 （2）unique:独特的；独一无二的；唯一的 millennium technology calender:技术 千年历；千年技术是历 latest dates:最近/迟日期 （3）when: key breakthroughs: 重大突破；关键性突破

整句示例：

例1．未来学家皮尔森已经将世界上数以百计的研者的工作成果拼合起来，制成了独一无二的千年技术日历，它将给我们所能期望得到的几百个重要发现和突破发生的最近的日期。（3分）

例2．皮尔森已将世界上成百科研者的工作综合起来，制成了一个独一无二的千年技术年历，给了我们一个最近日期，当我们能希望数百关键发现的突破不断出现。（2分）

例3．皮尔森把世界各地成百上千科研者的工作总集起来，产生一项技术，即当我们能希望找到百把钥匙并有所发现时，它能给出最新的数据。（1分）

73．But that , Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: (1) 1分

\"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration: 不可接受译法 召集/让„在一起（工作） 拼凑；记载；整理；统计；组装；（0.5分） 周围世界；关于世界的；有关该领域的（扣 0.5分） 统一的；天才的（扣0.5分) 技术方案；科技日记/记录（扣0.5分） 入门技术计划；微型技术日历（扣0.5分） 最新时代特征；新的数据/材料； 最新日期/信息（扣0.5分） 当„时（扣1分）关键破迷/难题（扣0.5 分） (2) 1分

that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic huma bfeore the end of the next century.\"

答案：

皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

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可接受译法 （1）But that is … That所指代的内容不译出扣0.5分 ...integration 是人机综合的起点； 是人机集成的开端； 是人和机器结合的开始； 是人和机器结为一体的开端； 是人机集成技术的一个开端； 不可接受译法 人造机器集成的开端正 这仅仅是人造机器 人集成工艺的开始 如果人造机器的研究开 始； 那仅仅是人造机械一体化的开始； 这仅仅是人化机器整体的一个开端； 这仅仅是人杨交流的开始； 这预测仅仅只是人类机器时代升级开始； 这仅是人工机械系统的开始； 这将是交流的长期过程的起始 „将引导我们„实现全电子人类； „将在下个世纪之前； „并将导致完全电子人类直到下个世纪末； (2) In will…of integration 它将成为长期的综合过程的开始； 它将成为漫长的集成历程的开始； 这是一体化漫长过程的开端； 它将成为整体化长久过程的开端； (3) that will…next century 这项技术将„人机结合在下世纪末之 前必将最终导致完全的电子人； 这种结合将在下个世纪结束前最终引起 „“电子人”最终出现的时间可能是到下世 完全电子人的出现。 整句示例：

例1．但是，皮尔森指出这种进步仅仅是人和机器结合的开始：“人与机器的结合将是一个很长的进程，这只是一个开端，人机结合在下世纪末之前必要将最终导致完全电子人的出现。（3分）

例2．但是，皮尔森指出，那仅仅是人机综合的起点：“它将成为长期的综合过程的开始，这个过程最终将引导我们在下个世纪末之前实现完全电子人类。（2分） 例 3．但是，人们也指出，如果人造机器的研究开始：“它将成为一个长时间研究的开始并将导致完全电子人类直到下世纪末。（1分） 75．And home appliances will also become so smart 纪末； 将会产生电子人类； (1) 1分

that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout (2) 1分

of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.

(3) 1分

答案：家用电器会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病－－厨房狂躁．

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可接受译法 （1）home appliances： 家庭电器； 家用电器 （2）smart： 聪明、有智慧； （3）breakout： 爆发，出现； 发作，发生； （4）psychological disorder： 心理混乱， 心理不正常，心理失调； 心理紊乱，心理错乱； （5）kitchen rage： 厨房愤怒、厨房盛怒； 厨房烦躁、厨房狂躁症； 厨房生气、厨房火气； 厨房怒气；

整句示例：

例1．家用电器也将变得如此有智慧，以致于操作和控制它们将导致一种新的心理混乱的爆发——厨房愤怒。（3分）

例2．而且家庭用具也将变得这样灵敏，以致于控制和操作它们就会导致一种新的心理失衡的爆发——即所谓的厨房火气。（2分）

例3．家庭供应也将变得如此精细，以致控制和操作它们将会导制新心理不正常的泛滥——厨房。（1分）

不可接受译法 家具、家庭设施； 家用机器人； （注：没有翻出“电器”，扣0.5分。） 精巧、精细、精致； 轻巧、轻松； 便捷、漂亮、方便、迷人； 敏锐、突出、简单轻松； 精密；（注：smart错译扣0.5分。） 泛滥，突破，打破，开始； 问世，破坏，发泄； 变革；（注：breakout错译扣0.5分。） 心理失衡； 心理不平衡； 心理扭曲； （注：psycholoical disorder 错译扣0.5分。） 厨房抑郁症、厨房危机 厨房生气了、厨房紊乱； 厨房、厨房范围； 厨房心态； （注：kitchen rage 错译扣0.5分。） 37

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答案

第一部分 英译汉全真试题材 Passage 1

71.在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

72．这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的得出结论：要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

73．给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。

74．然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。 75．同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

Passage 2

71．事实并非如此，因为提出这样的问题是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

72．有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益相交换的一部分。 73．这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

74．这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 75．这种反应不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应得到嘲弄。

Passage 3

71．但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象。因为他们看到的是150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

72．巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源的主导地位所不可缺少的。

73．天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

74．假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

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75．宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中的一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体学家七、八年来一直公认这一论说是正确的。

Passage 4

71．几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史

学是试图重现过去的重实并对其做出解释。

72．人们之所以关注历史研究方，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

73．在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

74．所谓方是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史探究中各个领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

75 这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士以各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

Passage 5

71. 在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。

72．再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

73．大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，常常得推出更多的革新。

74．在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。 75．由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

Passage 6

71．届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及将有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。

72．儿童将与将有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，我们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。

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73．皮尔林汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术干千年历，它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破的发现的最迟日期。

74．皮尔林指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出安全电子化的仿真人。”

75．家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁。

Passage 7

61．难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依靠从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

62．行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

63．自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持久体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

．自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

65．（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解释问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

Passage 8

61．而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

62．社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

63．强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常很重要的社会科学。

．泰勒：“„„一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。

65．因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

Passage 9

61.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语

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言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

62．我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。 63．这些新近被描述的语言得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责伯阿斯和萨丕尔编造了材料。

．沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

65.沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

Passage 10

46. 电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国

家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。 47. 多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系

密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。 48. 仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数

字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中19年出现亏损的不少于50%。 49. 创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲的纽带。 50. 在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们

就会站起来；，我们就会倒下去。”

Passage 11

46．我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。 47．他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自

己做出决定的推理过程。 48．我之所以把他（普通科学家）排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于

解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。

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49．但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范，就如同不能指望

商人专注于探索行业规范一样。 50．他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没

有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行思考。

Passage 12

46. 一直以来，在这些大学里，法律知识的学习看作是律师的专属，而不是受教

育人士必备知识的一部分。 47. 另一方面，以类似记者在每天采访和评论新闻时炮制联系的方式，法律把这

些概念（公正、民主和自由）和日常实践联系在一起。 48. 但是，记者必须比普通公民更为深刻地理解法律，这种说法是基于对新闻媒

体的既定常规和特殊职责的理解。 49. 事实上，我们很难想象，对加拿大的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的记者如何

能胜任政治方面的报道。 50. 尽管律师的意见和态度可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是应该依靠自

己的理解并做出自己的判断。

Passage 13

46.他相信，正是这种困难或许补偿了他的缺点，发挥他的优势，以使他能长时间专注的思考每一个句子；因此，使他能在推理中和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。

47.他还断言，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的观点上，他的能力受到了局限。有鉴于此，他曾确信自己在形而上学和数学方面本来就不该获得成功。

48. 另一方面，他不接受一些批评家对他的指责；同时，他还发现，对于这些指责，尽管他自己善于观察，但是他也无法加以推理。

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49. 他谦卑地补充道，或许他“和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的东西，更能够对此加以详细地观察”。

50.达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。

第二部分 英译汉全真模拟试题（Passage 1――10）答案

Passage 1

71．在一所医学院任教十二年来，我获得的主要印象是：当今美国头号健康问题，甚至比爱滋病或癌症更为严重的问题，就是美国人不知道如何去认识健康与疾病。

72．我们不知道，人本只是用疼痛这种方式通知大脑，是我们的行为出了差错，而并非一定是健康有问题。

73．我们不去探查其缘由，却大服其药，把疼痛压下去，从而招致它以更大的威力再次发作。 74．我们在少年时代就形成了一种奇怪的观念：一种肉眼看不见的叫做细菌的妖怪不断的向我们进攻，我们必须常备不懈地保护自己不受伤害。

75．这篇文章是主旨是：受到疾病攻击时，我们无需感到无助，而应对下述事实抱有充分的信心――人体的健康机制十分精巧，足以应付大部分疾病。

Passage 2

71．拙劣的设计会使经理的和雇员们感以灰心丧气，并且降低他们的工作表现水平，这就是为什么战后以来人们对有效的办分室设计作了大量研究的原因。

72．其中（这些方案中）的最佳方案不仅考虑到建筑物的自然结构，而且考虑到在实施一项设计方案之前就必需要了解的个人与整体之间复杂的关系。

73．此外，公司需要很好的交流、顺畅地交换意见和文书业务往来以及灵活的机动性，这就需要有一种不同的设计形式。

74．美化环境的目的是为全体人员提供一个惬意的工作环境，同时既能经济地使用空间，又能提高管理部门改变办分室布局以适应工作方法之改变的能力。

75．通过严格的音响控制可以使用权噪音保持在可以接受的一般水平地上，从而提供幽静的

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听觉环境并抵挡外来噪音的侵扰。

Passage 3

71．许多作者学得书面语的种种常规阻碍了他们,为了生动地表达他们的感情、思想和想象，他们几乎不注意公认的语法和句子结构而自由地使用词汇。

72．任何一位伟大的实验艺术家都有极其熟悉他意欲打破的常规：他有能力用公认的方式写作，但是感到那些方式不足以表达他的思想。

73．在任何情况下，应试者都必须彻底了解惯用法，因测试者认为惯用法是公认形式中应该掌握的知识。

74．这种不借助母语直接用外语思维并且用外语表达思想的能力在学习外语的各个阶段都是十分重要的。

75．他会掌握这样一门艺术：合乎逻辑地解释事物、正确无误地书写、用正式语言演讲、自然地与人交谈以及形象生动地描绘事物。

Passage 4

71. 人们似乎对婴儿的死亡一直并不在意，尽管公开杀死婴儿遭到反对，但人们对忽略儿童致死的行为有时是纵容至少是容忍的。

72．尽管这类做法是出于什么原因尚不清楚：是出于经济困难这一典型原因，还是由于抚养非婚子的窘迫，亦或是对婴儿缺乏感情，但许多富有的婚后女性宁愿冒婴儿死亡率高的危险而不负责任地将其婴儿交给乳母这一事实说明了以上做法并非源于经济困难或者是惧怕来自社会的羞辱。

73．的确，在十六世纪，英美两国当局对杀婴案的处理较之其它形式的谋杀案要严厉得多，到十八世纪末，将婴儿送与乳母喂养的做法在英国已不再流行。

74．由于父母与孩子之间的关系被视为是神圣的，不容干涉，直到十九世纪末，英国的改革者们才得以说服立法者通过立法保护儿童免受父母虐待。

75．具有讽刺意义的是，保护儿童权益的立法努力竟比保护动物的努力晚了近半个世纪。

Passage 5

71．他必须从消费者的财力及倾向于鼓励或阻碍人们花钱的动机这两方面获取数据。 72．另一种传统的假设是：如果有钱人估计物价会上涨，他们就赶快购买；如果他们估计物价下跌，他们就暂缓购买。

73．此外，已经上涨的物价可能会引起不满或买主的抵制。

74．然而，同时在英国进行的调查结果表明（消费行为）更加符合关于节俭和消费模式的传

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统假设。

75．如果物价稳定，而且人们也习惯地认为这样的价格“可以接受”并希望其保持稳定，他们就很有可能会购买。 Passage 6

71．这或许是由于生物体逐渐丧失功能，因而抵抗传染病的能力减退，或许往往是由于某一重要器官的衰退导致所有其他器官的死亡。

72．我们不清楚是什么原因导致死亡，但原因也许就是那些导致物种中年轻成员死亡的因素：疾病和被捕食。

73．不管怎样，它们稳定生长的能力，即使生长得很缓慢，的确像是保护着他们免受衰老的有害影响。

74．人虽然到30岁就有可能发现与衰老有关的退化现象，但功能的致命性丧失也许在很久以后才会发现。

75．肌力减退、肺活量降低、心泵血量减少、肾脏形成尿的能力下降以及代谢经率减缓，这些仅仅是伴随衰老而发生的许多身体变化中的几项。

Passage 7

71．他们必须竭尽全力把他们看到的同他们希望看到的区分开来——因为人类具有很大的自欺能力。

72．某种观点一旦接受，人们往往会特别注意那些似乎是证实这一观点的事例，而那些似乎与此观点相悖的事例则被歪曲、贬低或忽视。

73．然而，有能力的科学家必须善于改变看法，这是因为科学所追求的并不是捍卫我们已有的信念，而是改进它们，只有那些不迷恋于流行理论的人才能创造出更好的理论来。 74．例如，如果某人声称某一程序具有某种结果，那么通过某一程序来证实或推断这一断言的原则上是可行的。

75．错误（和谎言）迟早会被发现，痴心妄想注定要被揭穿。因此，对科学进步极为重要的诚实就成了与科学家自身利益息息相关的事情。

Passage 8

71．于是，我们面临着一种选择：要么运用技术提供和满足那些迄今尚被认为不必要的需求，要么运用技术缩短人们为维持一定生活水平而必须付出的工作时间。

72．可是，广大的家庭主妇却希望从日常家务中完全出来，例如：擦地板、澡盆、炊具、洗衣服、餐具、掸尘土、扫地和铺床。

73．它将是一部和汽车一样没有情感的机器，但它有一个指令储存器，并且有一定程度接受

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指令或固有的适应能力，即根据它发现各类物体所处的位置作相应的调整。

74．要生产这样的家用机器存在着各种问题，但目前我们已经有可能解决这些问题。 75．毫无疑问，有些家庭喜欢在晚上睡觉后让机器人做楼下所有的家务活儿，而另一些家庭则宁愿让这些活儿在早上做，但这完全是个选择问题。

Passage 9

71．人类作为一个物种其惊人的成功在于人类大脑进化发展的结果，这种结果引发了许多事情，其中包括工具的使用和制造，通过逻辑推理、细心合作、运用语言解决问题的能力。 72．现代黑猩猩的大脑大概同数百万年前指挥最早猿人举止的大脑没有多大的区别。 73．黑猩猩的确不能把它的工具造成“常规或固定的形状”，但是史前人类在石器发展以前毫无疑问也是用棍子、稻草摸索着发展，在那个阶段他似乎也不可能将工具制成固定形状。 74．正是由于在大多数为头脑中工具与人类的密切联系，人类才特别关注可以把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物，但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言并不表明这种动物有什么特别智慧。

75．当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。

Passage 10

71．炉灶可以根据冰箱和碗柜中现有的烹调原材料，拟好几套菜谱，既让所有的朋友满意，又能避免主人不喜欢的原料。

72．我们如今正处在另一个重要变化过程中，但这次变化是增加腰围而不是增加身高，因为我们是以看电视等久坐不动的方式打发闲暇时间。

73．节省劳动力的装置将带来的社会变化还有可能损坏人际关系，造成一部分人失业，甚至引发人们对技术的强烈抑制。

74．我们有可能成为一个没有人情味、专注于技术的社会，但是技术根本不能使许多事低收人职业的人得到。

75．如果你担心活动锻炼的时间太少，有人会乐于制造一种供你开展体育锻炼的机器，使你在关注于工作的同时消耗体内的热量。

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